考虑中主应力影响的修正摩尔库仑硬岩强度准则

俞缙 ,  周永盛 ,  张超 ,  常旭 ,  蔡燕燕

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 46 -56.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 46 -56. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202500274
水工岩石力学

考虑中主应力影响的修正摩尔库仑硬岩强度准则

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Modified Mohr‒Coulomb Hard Rock Strength Criterion Considering the Influence of Intermediate Principal Stress

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摘要

预测岩石破坏强度的关键在于建立能够准确反映复杂应力条件下岩石强度准则。首先,基于摩尔应力圆理论提出了真三轴应力条件下Mohr‒Coulomb准则(M‒C准则)泛函式,结合岩石真三轴试验数据进行分析,结果表明,中主应力对黏结强度分量影响显著,而对摩擦强度分量的影响可忽略不计,该规律可通过中主应力效应函数进行量化表征。随后,通过分析D‒P准则、Mogi准则和修正Lade准则,发现强度预测偏差大的原因在于中主应力效应函数的数学表征失准,为解决这一关键问题,引入双参数ηγ构建新型中主应力效应函数,并结合岩石临界状态特性对经典M‒C准则进行修正,建立能够考虑中主应力影响的非线性M‒C强度准则。最后,采用6类不同硬岩真三轴试验数据对新准则的适用性进行验证,并与4种传统强度准则进行对比分析。结果表明,修正M‒C强度准则能够很好地描述中主应力效应,强度预测精度达0.94以上,证明了该准则在复杂应力状态下的适用性和工程应用价值。

Abstract

Objective Accurate prediction of the strength of deeply buried hard rock is crucial for ensuring the safety and stability of deep rock engineering. Currently, two key factors influencing the strength prediction of deep-buried hard rock are high stress and the intermediate principal stress. High stress produces nonlinear deformation characteristics in deeply buried hard rock, and the intermediate principal stress substantially affects the deformation and failure behavior of hard rock. This study proposes a modified Mohr‒Coulomb strength criterion for hard rock, which simultaneously considers the nonlinear strength characteristics under large-range variations in confining pressure and the influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength. Methods First, an analysis of Mohr’s stress circle under true triaxial conditions was conducted. Based on the theory of Mohr’s stress circle, it was determined that rock strength comprised cohesive and frictional strength components. The intermediate principal stress significantly influenced the cohesive strength component, while its effect on the frictional strength component remained negligible. A generalized functional form of the Mohr‒Coulomb (M‒C) strength criterion under true triaxial stress conditions was proposed, which attributed the influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength to an intermediate principal stress effect function. The rationality of this functional form was preliminarily validated using true triaxial test data from four types of hard rock. Then, an analysis was conducted on commonly used rock strength criteria that reduced to the M‒C criterion under certain conditions, including the D‒P criterion, the Mogi criterion, and the modified Lade criterion. The results revealed that the significant deviations in their strength predictions primarily resulted from inaccuracies in the mathematical characterization of the intermediate principal stress effect function. Therefore, the specific forms of the intermediate principal stress effect functions corresponding to the D‒P, Mogi, and modified Lade criteria were examined in detail. On this basis, a parameter η, which represented the difference between the tensile and compressive strengths of the rock, and a parameter γ, which characterized the influence of the intermediate principal stress (σ2) on rock strength under constant minimum principal stress (σ3), were introduced. A new intermediate principal stress effect function was constructed. The classical M‒C criterion was modified, establishing a nonlinear M‒C strength criterion that accounted for the influence of the intermediate principal stress by integrating the critical state characteristics of rock. Then, methods for determining the parameters were provided. Finally, the applicability of the new criterion was validated using true triaxial test data from six types of hard rock, and a comparative analysis was conducted with four traditional strength criteria. Results and Discussions Predictions from this criterion were compared to true triaxial test data from six types of hard rock, along with a comparative analysis against four traditional strength criteria to validate the applicability of the proposed modified M‒C strength criterion that considered the influence of the intermediate principal stress. The results demonstrated that the proposed criterion effectively captured the observed trend in which rock strength initially increased and then decreased with the rise of the intermediate principal stress, as well as the significant strength differences exhibited under the conditions of σ2=σ3 and σ2=σ1. Under different confining pressure σ3 conditions, the variation patterns captured by this strength criterion remained consistent. However, as the ∂σ1/∂σ3 ratio gradually decreased, the increase in rock strength became more moderated with rising σ3, indicating that the enhancing effect of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength exhibited a decaying characteristic with increasing stress levels. When σ2=σ3, the criterion reduces to a nonlinear M‒C strength criterion that accounts for the critical state of rock. With increasing σ3, the lateral deformation constraint effect continuously strengthened, which led to a persistent increase in the curvature of the strength envelope and reflected the transition of rock mechanical behavior from brittle to ductile. When σ3σrc, the strength envelope approached horizontal, indicating that the rock entered a fully ductile state. In addition, for all six types of hard rock, the goodness of fit R2 of the proposed criterion exceeded 0.94, which demonstrated its high accuracy in strength prediction. Based on the true triaxial test data from these six hard rock types, it was found that the D‒P criterion exhibited the largest prediction errors. Although the M‒MC true triaxial criterion captured the trend of rock strength initially increasing and then decreasing with the rise of the intermediate principal stress and showed high prediction accuracy under the condition of σ2=σ3, its prediction deviation became significant when σ2=σ1. The Mogi criterion, while relatively accurate, failed to reflect the difference between generalized triaxial compression and tensile strength, which contradicted experimental observations. The modified Lade criterion performed well under low σ3 conditions, but its prediction deviation gradually increased as σ3 rose. In comparison, the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed criterion remained lower than those of the other four traditional strength criteria. In addition, it more accurately described the influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength under large-range variations of σ3. These results demonstrated the rationality and feasibility of the proposed criterion. Conclusions The proposed strength criterion exhibits a clear formulation with parameters that are simple to determine and possess explicit physical significance. It effectively captures the influence of intermediate principal stress on hard rock strength and represents the nonlinear mechanical response under high stress conditions. Its high predictive accuracy for various hard rocks confirms the criterion’s broad applicability under complex stress states and reinforces its value for practical engineering applications.

Graphical abstract

关键词

深部岩石 / 强度准则 / 中主应力 / 临界围压 / 非线性

Key words

deep rock / strength criteria / intermediate principal stress / critical confining pressure / nonlinearity

引用本文

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俞缙,周永盛,张超,常旭,蔡燕燕. 考虑中主应力影响的修正摩尔库仑硬岩强度准则[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(01): 46-56 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202500274

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岩石强度预测是岩体工程稳定性分析的理论基础,关键在于建立能够准确反映复杂应力条件下岩石强度准则[12]。Mohr‒Coulomb准则(M‒C准则)和Hoek‒Brown准则(H‒B准则)因其参数物理意义明确、表达式简洁,在浅部工程稳定性评估中得到了广泛应用[3]。然而,深埋硬岩表现出显著的非线性变形特征,中主应力影响显著,因此,建立考虑中主应力影响的硬岩非线性强度准则具有重要的理论应用价值。
经典的M‒C准则和H‒B准则存在明显的局限性。随着围压的增加,其强度预测值会偏离岩石强度试验值且误差呈增大趋势[45],两者均未考虑中主应力对岩石强度的显著影响。这种理论缺陷在深部岩体工程中表现尤为突出:深部岩石在高围压作用下呈现非线性强度演化特征,当围压达到临界值时岩石进入强度稳定阶段[4];真三轴应力场使中主应力效应成为不可忽略的影响因素,显著增加了强度预测难度。基于真三轴试验的硬岩强度特性研究表明[67],中主应力对岩石破坏强度的影响具有3个典型特征:1)在小主应力恒定条件下,强度随中主应力的增加呈现先增后减的非单调变化趋势,但始终大于常规三轴强度;2)中主应力效应弱于围压效应,且与小主应力水平存在耦合关系;3)强度随中主应力的变化呈现非对称性。
现有岩石真三轴强度准则主要分为两类:1)基于强度理论与真三轴试验数据构建,如考虑静水压力的D‒P准则[8],但其假定中主应力与小主应力对强度具有等效作用,与试验结果存在矛盾;Mogi[9]和You[10]提出的经验准则虽能够较好拟合试验数据,但违背了D‒P准则假定;Ewy[11]通过引入黏结应力改进Lade准则,拓展了适用范围。2)研究集中于经典二维准则的三维扩展,如Wu[12]、Singh[13]、张强[14]、Lee[15]等解决了拉压点奇异问题,但推导过程复杂,且缺乏物理依据;王国安[16]、石祥超[17]、Li[18]等通过在H‒B准则中引入中主应力参数进行扩展,虽表达形式简单但仍未解决高围压下强度预测值偏差增大的缺陷。
为此,本文首先基于经典M‒C强度理论开展摩尔应力圆特性分析,提出真三轴应力条件下M‒C强度准则泛函式,并采用4种硬岩真三轴试验数据进行初步验证;然后,通过对比分析现有常用岩石强度准则,提出一种新的中主应力效应函数表达式,建立修正M‒C强度准则;进一步地引入临界围压概念对摩尔包络线进行修正,建立非线性M‒C强度准则;最后,基于6种不同硬岩真三轴试验数据验证该准则的适用性,为深部岩体工程稳定性分析提供更合理的强度准则。

1 真三轴下M‒C强度准则泛函式

为表征岩石真三轴应力状态,郑颖人等[19]提出中主应力系数β的表达式,即:

β=σ2-σ3σ1-σ3, 0β1

式中,σ1σ2σ3分别为最大主应力、中主应力和最小主应力。当σ2=σ3时,β=0;当σ2=σ1时,β=1。根据摩尔‒库仑准则,增大σ3不会改变岩石的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ,然而,在σ2作用下,破坏面上法向应力σ增大不会引起φ的变化,但会导致c的增大[19]β的改变会导致库仑线上移,黏聚力提高,其公式可表示为:

τβ=c+Δc+σβtanφ

式中:τβσβ 分别为不同β条件下岩石剪切面上的抗剪切应力和法向应力;Δc为改变β引起的黏聚力变化值,可称为似黏聚力[19]

式(2)可改写为:

τβ=cf(β)+σβtanφ

式中,fβ)为中主应力效应函数。

f(β)=1+Δc/c

根据极限平衡状态时的摩尔应力圆,可得真三轴应力条件下岩石M‒C强度准则泛函式,即:

σ1=σcc+q0σ3
σcc=f(β)C0 ,C0=2ccosφ/1-sinφ ,q0=1+sinφ/1-sinφ

式中,σccC0分别为岩石双轴压缩强度和单轴压缩强度,q0为与cφ相关的参数。可以看出,岩石的强度由黏结强度分量fβC0和摩擦强度分量q0σ3构成。σ2仅对双轴压缩强度产生作用,具体而言是显著影响其黏结强度分量,而对摩擦强度分量的影响可忽略不计,中主应力的作用方式和影响程度可通过fβ)来表征,若能够获得fβ),可基于常规三轴试验数据,实现真三轴应力条件下岩石强度的有效预测。

为了验证M‒C强度准则泛函式的合理性,本文采用4种岩石真三轴试验数据[2023]进行分析,不同β条件下岩石强度规律如图1所示。

图1中可以看出,根据式(5)~(6)对4种岩石在不同β条件下的真三轴试验数据分别进行拟合,均表现出良好的拟合效果,除Solenhofen石灰岩在β=0.43时的拟合优度R2为0.836(此情况下数据量较少且分布较离散)外,其余岩石在不同β下的R2值均达到0.900以上,因此,可认为采用该泛函式对真三轴应力条件下岩石强度进行预测具有可行性。

2 中主应力效应函数的构建方法

为了构建能够更准确地考虑中主应力影响的岩石真三轴强度准则,其关键在于确定中主应力效应函数的表达式。由于M‒C强度准则泛函式是基于摩尔‒库仑强度理论所提出,针对一定条件下可退化为M‒C准则的常用岩石强度准则,包括D‒P强度准则、Mogi强度准则及修正Lade强度准则,通过评估这3种强度准则的中主应力效应函数表征能力,在此基础上构建一个新的中主应力效应函数表达式。

2.1 各强度准则的中主应力效应函数

2.1.1 D‒P强度准则

该准则考虑了中间主应力的影响,通过引入静水压力项,将屈服面描述为一个圆锥面,其数学表达式为[8]

J2=αI1+k
I1=σ1+σ2+σ3 ,J2=16((σ1-σ2)2+(σ2-σ3)2+(σ3-σ1)2)
α=2sin φ/(3(3-sin φ))  ,k=6ccos φ/(3(3-sin φ))

式(7)~(9)中:J2为应力偏张量的第二不变量,表示剪切应力;I1为应力张量的第一不变量,表示静水压力;αk为材料参数,与材料的内摩擦角和黏聚力相关。

式(1)代入式(8),可得:

I1=(1+β)σ1+(2-β)σ3 ,J2=(1-β+β2)(σ1-σ3)2/3

式(9)和(10)代入式(7),可得:

σ1=31-β+β2+(4-2β-1-β+β2)sin φ31-β+β2-(2+2β+1-β+β2)sin φσ3+        6ccos φ31-β+β2-(2+2β+1-β+β2)sin φ

于是,可得D‒P准则的中主应力效应函数表达式,记为f(β)D-P,即:

f(β)D-P=1-sinφ1-β+β2-(2+2β+1-β+β2)sinφ/3

2.1.2 Mogi强度准则

该准则通过考虑中间主应力的影响,改进了M‒C强度准则的局限性,能够更准确地预测岩石的破坏强度,其表达式为[9]

τoct=A+B(σ1+σ3)/2
τoct=(σ1-σ3)2+(σ1-σ2)2+(σ2-σ3)2/3,A=22ccosφ/3,B=22sinφ/3

式(13)~(14)中,τoct为八面体剪应力,AB为材料参数。

式(1)和(14)代入式(13),可得:

σ1=1-β+β2+sinφ1-β+β2-sinφσ3+2ccosφ1-β+β2-sinφ

于是,可得Mogi强度准则的中主应力效应函数表达式,记为f(β)Mogi,即:

f(β)Mogi=1-sinφ1-β+β2-sinφ

2.1.3 修正Lade强度准则

该准则引入材料参数和应力不变量,能够更准确地反映中间主应力对材料强度的影响,其数学表达式为[24]

(I1')3I3'=K=(3-sinφ)3(1+sinφ)(1-sinφ)2
I1'=σ1+σ2+σ3+3σ0,I3'=(σ1+σ0)(σ2+σ0)(σ3+σ0),σ0=ccotφ

式(17)中,K为材料常数。

式(17)整理成含βσ1σ3的函数关系式,但推导过程十分复杂,为便于分析,将整理后的式子记为:

σ1=f(β)LadeC0+qLadeσ3

式中,f(β)Lade为修正Lade准则的中主应力效应函数表达式,qLade为修正Lade准则的最小主应力函数表达式。

2.2 中主应力效应函数对比分析

中主应力效应函数f(β)能够集中反映中主应力对岩石强度产生的影响规律,该函数需满足以下条件:1)f(β)随β的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;2)当β取0和1时,其对应的f(β)函数值不相同,β=1时的岩石强度大于β=0时的岩石强度。

根据4种岩石真三轴试验数据,将D‒P准则、Mogi准则和修正Lade准则中的中主应力效应函数进行比较,结果如图2所示。从图2中可以看出,不同准则的中主应力效应函数理论值f(β)与试验值均呈现一定程度的偏差,总体偏差由小到大依次为修正Lade准则、Mogi准则和D‒P准则。随着β的增大,各强度准则所对应的中主应力效应函数均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,这一现象揭示了中主应力对材料强度影响所存在的区间效应特征。

对于D‒P准则,随着β的增加,f(β)D‒P呈现近似线性增长趋势,达到峰值后出现轻度衰减,当β取0和1时,f(β)D‒P值不相同,但其理论曲线始终位于试验值上方,表明D‒P准则在描述中主应力效应时存在系统偏差,明显高估了中主应力对岩石强度的增强作用。对于Mogi准则,f(β)Mogi表现出关于β=0.5的对称性,导致其在β取0和1时的预测值完全相等,这与Feng等[6]通过试验揭示硬岩强度随中主应力呈非对称变化的重要特征相矛盾。尽管Mogi准则的预测偏差较D‒P准则有所改善,但其对称性仍无法合理反映岩石在σ2=σ3σ2=σ1条件下的强度差异。相比之下,修正Lade准则的f(β)Lade与试验值吻合度最佳,但其表达式的复杂性导致难以获得精确的解析解。

尽管3种常用岩石强度准则的中主应力效应函数在中主应力效应描述方面均存在显著的局限性,但为本文构建更准确的中主应力效应函数提供了一种重要参考路径。

2.3 新的中主应力效应函数

式(12)和(16)可知,f(β)D‒Pf(β)Mogi具有相似的函数形式,在此基础上提出一种能够准确反映中主应力效应的新的f(β),即:

f(β)=1-sinφ1-β+β2+A(β)sinφ

式中:A(β)为含中主应力系数β的函数表达式;当A(β)=-1时,f(β)=f(β)Mogi;当A(β)=-(2+2β+1-β+β2)/3时,f(β)=f(β)D‒P

根据f(β)Mogi表达式分析可知,因为函数项1-β+β2β取0和1时函数项的数值相等,导致f(β)Mogi无法反映岩石在σ2=σ3σ2=σ1条件下的强度差异,因此,考虑在该函数项中引入参数η,得到1-β+ηβ2,其中,参数η反映岩石拉压强度差异性。根据f(β)D‒P表达式分析可知,引起中主应力对岩石强度产生增强作用的原因在于A(β)受β变化的敏感性较大,因此,引入参数γ对其进行修正。为了使A(β)对岩石拉压强度差异性不产生影响且当β=0时,D‒P准则能够退化为M‒C强度准则,令A(β)=γ(1-1-β+β2)2-1,可知A(0)=A(1)=-1,A(β)仅反映中主应力对岩石真三轴强度的影响。于是,在此基础上提出一种新的中主应力效应函数,即:

f(β)=1-sinφ1-β+ηβ2+(γ(1-1-β+β2)2-1)sinφ

式(21)代入式(6),并结合式(5)可得真三轴应力条件下岩石类材料M‒C强度准则,即:

σ1=2ccos φ1-β+ηβ2+(γ(1-1-β+β2)2-1)sin φ+q0σ3

β=0时,式(22)退化为传统M‒C强度准则。

3 修正M‒C强度准则

通过第1节分析可知,虽然将中主应力对岩石强度的影响归结在黏结强度上具有一定的合理性,但在β恒定时,能够发现岩石强度包络线(σ1-σ3)呈现上凸趋势,并非线性增加,为提升准则的预测精度,考虑对β恒定的真三轴应力条件下岩石类材料M‒C强度准则进行修正。

3.1 岩石临界状态

根据岩石力学研究成果[2526],岩石三轴强度特性呈现显著的围压依存性:在低围压区间,强度与围压近似呈线性正相关,但随着围压的持续增加,强度增长率呈非线性衰减特征,摩尔应力圆强度包络线,如图3所示。图3中,σt为单轴抗拉强度,Gc为单轴抗压强度,τ为剪应力。由图3可知,包络线以单轴抗压强度σc为起点,随着围压σ3的增加呈上凸型非线性强化趋势,其强化梯度d(σ1σ3)/dσ3σ3增大而渐趋0。Barton[27]通过理论分析将摩尔包络线峰值抗剪强度梯度为零的应力状态定义为岩石临界状态,其所处的围压水平为临界围压σrc。值得注意的是,深部工程岩体所处围压环境与浅部岩体明显不同,此时若继续采用线性强度准则将导致显著的计算偏差。

常规三轴试验是真三轴应力状态的特例,对于给定的围压σ3,假设岩石真三轴破坏主应力差(σ1σ3)与式(22)所求理论值的偏差数值可表征为αβσ32,其中,αβ 为与中主应力有关的系数。于是,式(22)可改写为:

σ1=2ccos φ1-β+ηβ2+(γ(1-1-β+β2)2-1)sin φ+        q0σ3-αβσ32

考虑两个边界条件:

1)当σ2=σ3=0时,σ1=σc

2)当σ3σrc时,∂(σ1-σ3)/∂σ3→0。

根据边界条件可得:

αβ=sinφσrc(1-sinφ)

值得注意的是,由于前述理论推导均建立在β为定值的假设基础上,因此,当已知岩石破坏应力状态时,可将真三轴应力条件下M‒C强度准则中的β作为材料常数处理,其取值范围为[0,1]。在执行边界条件2)计算时,该参数对强度包络线的偏导数为0。

式(24)代入式(23)可得中主应力影响的修正M‒C强度准则,即:

σ1=2ccos φ1-β+ηβ2+(γ(1-1-β+β2)2-1)sin φ+        q0σ3-sin φσrc(1-sin φ)σ32

式(25)适用范围为0σ3σ2σrc。当σ2>σrcσ3>σrc时,用σrc代替式(25)σ2σ3

3.2 强度准则参数的确定方法

参数cφσrc可基于岩石常规三轴试验数据,借助1stOpt或Matlab软件,采用全参数拟合法进行求解。

根据参数η的含义可知,参数η可通过广义三轴拉伸状态(σ2=σ1>σ3)的强度值进行确定,于是将β=1代入式(25)可得:

σ1=2ccos φη-sin φ+q0σ3-sin φσrc(1-sin φ)σ32

由于β=1时的岩石强度大于β=0时的岩石强度,因此可推知η取值小于1,而当η=1时,表明β取0或1条件下岩石强度不存在差异性。

参数γ反映在最小主应力σ3保持不变条件下,中主应力σ2对岩石强度的影响。对于中主应力效应函数f(β),β为变量且其取值范围为[0,1],对该函数求极值,即:

f(β)β=0

当该函数的偏导数等于0时,岩石强度取得极大值,其对应的中主应力系数为βmax,结合式(21)与(27)可得参数γ的确定方法,即:

2ηβmax-11-βmax+ηβmax2=2γsin φ(2βmax-1)(1-1-βmax+βmax2)1-βmax+βmax2

特别地,强度准则参数求解过程需留意以下3点:1)若存在1组或多组β由0到1完整变化区间的数据,可通过前述方法确定ηγ;2)若缺乏β由0到1完整变化区间的数据,可将仅有试验数据导入1stOpt软件,将基于常规三轴试验数据获得的cφσrc设定为常数,并假设ηβmax为拟合参数,运用全局优化算法即可求得最优的拟合参数值,根据式(28)求得γ;3)若通过试验数据求得βmax=0.5,与此同时η=1,则由式(28)确定γ的方法将不再适用,但可借助1stOpt软件,以γ为未知参数,cφσrc为已知参数,式(25)为拟合函数,1组或多组真三轴试验数据的σ3βσ1作为拟合数据,采用全局优化算法求得γ

4 强度准则适用性分析

为了验证修正M‒C强度准则的适用性,从以下3个方面开展验证。

1) 新f(β)的合理性验证

基于Yunnan砂岩真三轴试验数据,通过计算可得新f(β)的表达式,将其理论值与试验值进行对比,结果如图4所示。本文提出的新f(β)能够准确描述中主应力效应,与试验值的拟合精度达到0.940,从而验证了新f(β)的合理性。

2) 修正M‒C强度准则理论预测验证

选取6类不同岩性的岩石,包括Yunnan砂岩[22]、Linghai花岗岩[6]、CJPL‒Ⅱ大理岩[22]、Mizuho粗面岩[9]、自贡砂岩[28]及花岗岩[29]。根据这些岩石真三轴试验结果,采用1stOpt软件的全局优化算法确定修正M‒C强度准则参数,如表1所示。

图5为修正M‒C强度准则对6类不同岩性的岩石真三轴试验强度的预测。由图5可知,该准则预测出了岩石强度随中主应力增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,以及在σ2=σ3σ2=σ1条件下表现出显著的强度差异性。不同σ3下强度准则的变化规律保持一致,但∂σ1/∂σ3逐渐减小,岩石强度增幅随σ3的增大而减小,表明中主应力对岩石强度的增强效应随着应力水平升高表现出衰减特征。当σ2=σ3时,该准则退化为考虑岩石临界状态的非线性M‒C强度准则。随着σ3的增加,岩石侧向变形约束效应不断增大,导致强度包络线曲率不断增大,岩石由脆性向延性转变。当σ3σrc时,强度包络线趋近水平,表明岩石进入完全延性状态。

根据拟合优度R2(计算公式见式(29)),定量评估修正M‒C强度准则的理论预测精度,见表1R2均达到0.940以上,表明修正M‒C强度准则具有较高的强度预测精度,解决了传统准则在真三轴及高应力状态存在强度预测偏差大的问题。

R2=1-i=1N(σ1theory-σ1test)i2i=1N(σ1test-E[σ1test])i2

式中,σ1theoryσ1test分别为破坏应力的理论值及试验值,N为试验组数,E[σ1test]为期望试验值。

3) 各准则强度预测结果对比验证

均方根误差(RMSE,记为R)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE,记为M)分别由式(30)式(31)计算,即:

R=1Ni=1N(σ1theory-σ1test)i2
M=1Ni=1Nσ1theory-σ1testσ1testi×100%

通过计算本文准则、M‒MC真三轴准则[30]、Mogi准则、修正Lade准则和D‒P准则等5种强度准则的RMSE和MAPE两项指标,评估各准则对6类岩石强度的预测误差对比,如图6所示,由于D‒P准则的RMSE和MAPE均远大于其余4种准则(如花岗岩等岩石,采用D‒P准则计算,在β接近0时有效,但随着β的增加,中主应力对岩石强度的增强效应被夸大,甚至部分应力状态下强度无解),故不便于同时显示计算结果,从图6可以看出,相同岩石种类条件下本文准则的RMSE和MAPE均小于其余准则,表明本文修正M‒C强度准则对6类岩石真三轴强度的预测精度均大于其余4种准则。

图7为5种不同强度准则对6类岩石真三轴强度的理论预测曲线。从图7可以看出,D‒P准则在预测岩石真三轴强度方面误差最大,M‒MC真三轴准则虽能表征岩石强度随中主应力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,且在σ2=σ3时预测精度较高,但在对σ2=σ1时预测偏差显著。Mogi准则与M‒MC真三轴强度准则的RMSE和MAPE均比D‒P准则小,预测更为精准。在6类岩石中,对于相对较软的岩石如Mizuho粗面岩、砂岩、自贡砂岩,Mogi准则的RMSE、MAPE均比M‒MC真三轴强度准则低,Mogi准则精度更高,但其无法反映广义三轴压缩和拉伸强度差异性,与试验观测结果不符。修正Lade准则在σ3取值低时预测精度较高,但随着σ3的增大,预测偏差也逐渐增大。相比之下,本文准则能够较精确地描述σ3在大区间变化条件下中主应力对岩石强度的影响,且整体预测精度高于其他准则,从而表明本文准则具有一定的合理性和可行性。

5 结 论

本文基于摩尔应力圆理论分析不同岩石真三轴试验数据,考虑中主应力对岩石强度产生的影响,提出修正摩尔‒库仑强度准则,并开展准则适用性分析研究,可得到如下结论:

1)提出了真三轴应力条件下岩石类材料M‒C强度准则泛函式。经试验数据验证表明,中主应力对岩石强度的影响可通过中主应力效应函数f(β)进行表征,在已知f(β)前提下,仅需常规三轴试验数据即可预测岩石真三轴强度。

2)传统准则(D‒P准则、Mogi准则和修正Lade准则)的f(β)在中主应力效应描述方面存在显著的局限性,从而导致各准则在预测岩石真三轴强度时出现较大偏差,在此基础上提出了能够克服该缺陷的新的中主应力效应函数。

3)提出了能够考虑中主应力影响的修正摩尔‒库仑强度准则,该准则表达式简单,参数易获取且物理意义明确,能够准确反映岩石强度的非线性特征,不同种类岩石强度的预测精度显著提高,拟合优度R2均达到0.940以上,表明本文强度准则具有一定的合理性和可行性。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52374090)

中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023MD744275)

贵州省基础研究计划(黔科合基础MS[2025]037)

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