中国兰科植物一新种—南迦巴瓦虎头兰

李孟凯 ,  邓建平 ,  陈学达 ,  罗艳 ,  王伟 ,  邢震

高原农业 ›› 2023, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (6) : 586 -591.

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高原农业 ›› 2023, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (6) : 586 -591. DOI: 10.19707/j.cnki.jpa.2023.06.003
西藏兰科植物专栏

中国兰科植物一新种—南迦巴瓦虎头兰

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Cymbidium namchabarwaenseOrchidaceaeEpidendroideae), A New Species from XizangChina

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摘要

报道了中国西藏兰属植物一新种——南迦巴瓦虎头兰Cymbidium namchabarwaense,该种植株大,花量多,体态近似于西藏虎头兰,花则与长叶兰和黄蝉兰近似,例如萼片和花瓣均具褐色或红棕色条纹和斑点。但与长叶兰不同的是,该种花序很长,具十余朵花,唇瓣边缘全缘,蕊柱光滑无毛;该种与黄蝉兰的区别在于前者唇盘具乳突状腺毛,而后者唇瓣具长柔毛。该文提供详细的物种描述和解剖图版,以及模式标本、生境和物候等信息。该新种的发现扩充了兰属植物的记录,为今后中国兰属植物的栽培驯化以及培育园艺品种提供了新资料。

Abstract

This study reports the discovery of a new species of Cymbidium in the genus from Xizang, China, named Cymbidium namchabarwaense. This newly identified species is characterized by its large plant size and abundant flowers. Its overall appearance resembles that of C. tracyanum, while its flowers exhibit similarities to C. erythraeum and C. iridioides, particularly in the presence of brown or reddish-brown stripes and spots on the sepals and petals. However, unlike C. erythraeum, this species has longer inflorescence, with more than ten flowers, its lip has an entire margin, and the column are smooth and hairless. The difference between this species and C. iridioides is that the former has papillaceous glandular hair, while the latter has villous. This paper provides detailed species descriptions and pictures, as well as information on type specimens, habitats, and phenology. The discovery of this new species has expanded the records of orchids and provided new information for the cultivation and domestication of Cymbidium and the cultivation of horticultural varieties in China.

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关键词

兰属 / 西藏虎头兰 / 长叶兰 / 黄蝉兰 / 新种

Key words

Cymbidium / C. tracyanum / C. erythraeum / C. iridioides / new species

引用本文

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李孟凯,邓建平,陈学达,罗艳,王伟,邢震. 中国兰科植物一新种—南迦巴瓦虎头兰[J]. 高原农业, 2023, 7(6): 586-591 DOI:10.19707/j.cnki.jpa.2023.06.003

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1 前言

兰属(Cymbidium Swartz)于1799年首次建立,有着芳香且美丽的花朵。世界上约有74种,分布于亚洲亚热带和热带,也包括澳大利亚北部等地[1-5]。兰属在中国分布丰富,也是兰属植物的中心分布区之一,目前中国已记录到的兰属约有50种(19变种),广泛分布于中国秦岭以南地区[6-7]。近年来,还有许多新种陆续被发现[8-11]

2019 - 2022年,西藏兰科植物资源中心科研人员对藏东南地区兰科植物多样性进行了调查。在调查过程中,团队发现了几株巨大的兰属植物,经过鉴定和比较,发现该种属于大花亚属(Subgen. Cyperorchis)大花组(Sect. Iridorchis),该组典型特征为:叶带形,先端不裂;花葶从假鳞茎基部穿鞘而出;花较大,张开;花粉块的粘盘基部两侧有丝状附属物[6]。该种的植株与西藏虎头兰C. tracyanum L. Castle非常相似,它的花很像长叶兰C. erythraeum Lindl和黄蝉兰C. iridioides D. Don,例如,萼片和花瓣有垂直的条纹和斑点。但与它们不同的是,该种的株型是组内最大的,叶片长达110 cm,果实长12 cm,唇瓣上有微小的乳头状绒毛,蕊柱边缘不具翅,基部无腺毛或乳突。通过详细的形态比较,我们认为我们收集到的物种是一个新种,并描述为Cymbidium namchabarwaense

2 材料与方法

2019-2022年对藏东南地区的兰科植物进行了调查和采集。模式标本采集于中国西藏墨脱县格林村,存放于西藏农牧学院植物标本室。花材料在50%酒精中保存。花的特征和其他细节基于活体材料,花的解剖是在解剖显微镜(Phenix SMZ180-LT)下进行。通过在中国数字标本馆(http://www.cvh.ac.cn/)、K (http://apps.kew.org/)、E (https://data.rbge.org.uk/)和P (https://science.mnhn.fr)等网上数字植物标本馆查找标本,模式标本从JSTOR Global Plants (http://plants.jstor.org)下载,并与我们采集的标本进行比较。

3 结果

Cymbidium namchabarwaenseZhen Xing, M. K. Li & W. Wang sp. nov.

南迦巴瓦虎头兰(图1~3图2 A1-A3)

Type: CHINA. Xizang, Motuo County, Beibeng Township,Gelin Village,95°10'35.55"E,29°14'3.75"N, elev.1410 m, epiphytes to tree trunks in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, 16 November 2019, Zhen Xing & W. Wang 2019477 (holotype: TAAHUC[0003751]!; isotype: TAAHUC! ).

Cymbidium namchabarwaense is similar to C. tracyanum by having large pseudobulbs and long inflorescences, its flowers closely resemble those of C. erythraeum Lindl. and C. iridioides D. Don, for example, sepals and petals having vertical stripes and spots, but can be clearly distinguished from them by its large plants and longer leaves(110 cm vs. 90 cm ), leaves base margin membranous sheath (Fig 1, A1), the edge of lip is smooth and hairless (vs. have shortly ciliate), middle lobe of lip oblong (vs. cordate to ensiform), disk of lip have short bulging glands (vs. villous), column without sparsely hairy toward base (vs. sparsely hairy), longer fruit (12 cm vs. 9 cm)(Table 1).

物种描述:附生草本植物。假鳞茎椭圆形,8~12 cm×6~8 cm,被宿存的叶鞘包裹。叶8~12枚,带状,90~110 cm×1.5~1.8 cm,先端锐尖,基部边缘具膜质鞘。花葶从假鳞茎的基部发出,拱起后下垂,长70~85 cm。花序具13~15花,花苞片三角形,长3~5 mm;花梗和子房长4~5 cm;花气味类似于黄瓜;萼片和花瓣淡黄绿色,有许多褐色的纵条纹;唇瓣白色,侧裂片上有红褐色脉,中裂片上有少量红褐色斑点和1条中央纵线;中面萼片狭椭圆形,4.3~4.5 cm×1.2~1.4 cm,先端渐尖;侧萼片斜扭,4.3~4.7 cm×1.2~1.4 cm,先端渐尖;花瓣略镰形,4.4~4.6×0.7~0.8 cm;唇瓣长圆形,长4.0 cm,三裂。侧裂片直立,半圆形,内侧有时短具缘毛,边缘无毛;中裂片长圆形,下弯,正面具微小的腺毛,边缘无毛,略褶皱;唇盘上2条褶片自下部延伸到中裂片基部,褶片上面密生短毛;蕊柱长3.0~3.5 cm,弓形,边缘不具翅,基部无腺毛或乳突;花粉2,三角形椭圆形,半裂,长 3~4 mm。蒴果梭形椭圆形,长11~12 cm,直径3.5~4 cm。

分布与生境:南迦巴瓦虎头兰产于中国西藏东南部墨脱县背崩乡。附生于海拔1 410 ~ 1 697 m的亚热带常绿阔叶林中的树干上。

物候:花期11月至翌年1月,果期2月至10月。

词源:南迦巴瓦峰是墨脱乃至藏东南地区的最高峰,雅鲁藏布江从这里穿过形成一个深深的大峡谷,是藏东南地区最丰富的物种之一,该物种的采集地点与南迦巴瓦峰遥遥相望,因此我们将其命名为C. namchabarwaense,以突出南迦巴瓦地区丰富的生物多样性。

初步保护现状:据调查,该物种最初仅分布于格林村“兰花山”,2019年观察到3个居群。到2021年,我们在该村的另一座山上又发现了2个居群,也发现当地村民家中有种植。因此,我们的调查是不充分的,但从目前许多兰属植物被盗采贩卖的形势来看,并遵循IUCN的指导方针[12],该物种被评估为易危(VU)。

引证标本:中国,西藏自治区,墨脱县,背崩乡,格林村,95°10'7.56"E, 29°12'42.73"N,海拔1 697 m,附生于常绿阔叶林大树干上。2021年12月21日,李孟凯等20210743 (TAAHUC! )

讨论:《Flora of China》中将植株的叶宽与唇瓣具长或短毛(乳头状腺毛)等特征作为大花组(Sect. Iridorchis)的重要区分依据[6]。南迦巴瓦虎头兰的叶宽约为1.8 cm,与西藏虎头兰的叶近似,而长叶兰的叶仅0.35~0.7 cm宽,黄蝉兰的叶宽则可达4 cm;南迦巴瓦虎头兰的唇盘上部具短毛或乳突,该特征与长叶兰相似,但长叶兰的腺毛延伸至唇瓣的基部和边缘。而西藏虎头兰和黄蝉兰的唇盘上具长毛,与前两者容易区分。2021年,Hu等人发表了一种新的物种—墨脱虎头兰C. motuoense W.Hu, Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu in Motuo [13],该种的植株非常小,花序呈拱形或直立,萼片具褐色条纹和斑点,唇盘上具柔毛,花外观与南迦巴瓦虎头兰近似,但其花解剖特征与后者差异很大,因此本文不把它们进行比较。在将来的研究中,会使用分子手段对该组的系统发育关系进行探讨。

包括南迦巴瓦虎头兰在内的多数兰属植物具有很高的观赏性,受到许多人的喜爱。正因如此,许多利益相关者肆意采挖和售卖,导致它们的野生种群受到了极大的威胁。因此,在今后的开发利用中,如何对这些群体进行保护是必须考虑的问题。

参考文献

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Jiang, Y T, Ma, L, Lin, R Q, et al. Cymbidium codonanthum (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Cymbidiinae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular analyses. Phytotaxa, 2020, 453: 275-283.

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Zhou, Z, Zhang, D, Chen, G Z, et al. Cymbidium brevifolium (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa, 2020, 464: 236-242.

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Xu, X, Ding, C C, Hu, W, et al. Cymbidium xichouense (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa, 2021, 484: 291-297.

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Yu, X, Zeng, M Y, Chen, G Z, et al. Cymbidium weishanense (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 2021, 500: 45-50.

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IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: accessed 21 March 2022).

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Hu, W Q, Zhang, Q H, Chen, G Z, et al.Cymbidium motuoense (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa, 2021, 509 (1): 106-112

基金资助

西藏现代林业技术支撑体系研究

国家自然科学基金(30660127)

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