宿主与肠道微生物互作调控猪骨骼肌生长发育研究进展

左波 ,  吴玉婷 ,  徐在言 ,  柴进

高原农业 ›› 2026, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (3) : 290 -298.

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高原农业 ›› 2026, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (3) : 290 -298. DOI: 10.19707/j.cnki.jpa.2026.03.002
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宿主与肠道微生物互作调控猪骨骼肌生长发育研究进展

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Research Progress on the Interaction Between Host and Intestinal Microbiota Regulating Skeletal Muscle Growth and Development in Pigs

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摘要

骨骼肌作为机体最大的代谢器官,其生长发育直接影响猪的产肉量与肉品质,其调控机制一直是畜牧领域的研究重点。近年来,肠道微生物作为宿主“隐形器官”,通过与宿主的双向互作,在骨骼肌生长发育及功能维持中发挥关键调控作用。本文梳理了肠道菌群介导宿主调节骨骼肌发育的分子机制,包括不同猪种菌群差异及肌源性基因的调控通路;总结了肠道微生物对骨骼肌质量、肌纤维形态及蛋白质代谢的调控效应;分析了宿主和菌群双向互作网络及在猪生产中的调控作用。本文旨在为深入解析宿主与肠道微生物互作调控猪骨骼肌发育的分子机制,为开发绿色高效的猪产肉性状改良技术提供理论参考与思路借鉴。

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ in the body, and its growth and development directly affect the meat yield and meat quality of pigs; thus, its regulatory mechanism has long been a key research focus in the field of animal husbandry. In recent years, as an invisible organ of the host, the intestinal microbiota plays a critical regulatory role in the growth, development, and functional maintenance of skeletal muscle through bidirectional interactions with the host. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which the intestinal flora mediates host regulation of skeletal muscle development, including differences in microbial communities among pig breeds and the regulatory pathways of myogenic genes; it outlines the effects of intestinal microorganisms on skeletal muscle mass, muscle fiber morphology and protein metabolism; and it analyzes the bidirectional interaction network between the host and microbiota as well as its regulatory applications in pig production. This review aims to further clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of porcine skeletal muscle development via host–intestinal microbiota interactions, and to provide theoretical references and research insights for developing green and efficient strategies to improve pork quality.

关键词

骨骼肌 / 宿主基因 / 肠道菌群 / 互作

Key words

Skeletal muscle / Host gene / Gut microbiota / Interaction

引用本文

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左波,吴玉婷,徐在言,柴进. 宿主与肠道微生物互作调控猪骨骼肌生长发育研究进展[J]. 高原农业, 2026, 10(3): 290-298 DOI:10.19707/j.cnki.jpa.2026.03.002

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1 引言

机体全身共有600多块骨骼肌,约占哺乳动物体重的40%,是机体构成最多的器官、蛋白库和能量库,也是主要的代谢活动场所[1]。骨骼肌生长发育直接影响猪产肉量与肉品质等。骨骼肌的生长发育及再生过程受到遗传背景、内分泌信号、营养状况及环境因素的复杂调控。近年来,随着肠道微生物组研究的快速发展,人们发现宿主与肠道微生物的互作不仅影响肠道健康,也显著调控包括骨骼肌在内的远端器官的发育和功能。肠道微生物通过调控宿主基因表达影响宿主的肌肉功能。同时,宿主遗传背景也可反向调控肠道微生物组成,形成双向调控网络。

2 宿主遗传背景对骨骼肌生长发育的影响

2.1 不同猪种肠道微生物对骨骼肌发育的影响

不同猪种肠道微生物组成的差异显著影响自身肌肉发育和肉品质。桃源黑猪、湘村黑猪这两类中国地方黑猪,受自身遗传基因影响,结肠中选择性富集Lactobacillus(乳酸杆菌属)。这类菌群以肠道内的色氨酸为原料,通过代谢产生犬尿喹啉酸[2],该物质进入血液后到达肌肉组织,能激活肌肉内的能量调控分子AMPK,进而提升PGC-1α的活性[3],增加肌肉慢肌纤维比例,提高肌肉的代谢能力和肉质。相比之下,瘦肉型的杜洛克猪,受遗传影响,肠道内Lactobacillus的定植不足,色氨酸-犬尿喹啉酸-AMPK/PGC-1α信号轴活性较弱,肉质指标也相对较差[4]。松辽黑猪肠道FibrobacterPeptostreptococcaceaeRickettsiales等菌群呈特异性富集。这些菌群具备强大的纤维降解和脂肪酸生物合成能力[5,6],通过菌群-宿主共代谢网络,将膳食纤维转化为短链脂肪酸等代谢中间产物,并进一步合成二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸[7],参与调控肌肉细胞膜流动性和炎症状态,影响肌纤维发育微环境[8]。相反,大白×长白杂交猪的宿主遗传背景选择性地富集RuminococcusCorynebacteriumStreptococcaceae等菌群,这些菌群代谢活性偏向糖酵解途径和糖原合成[9-11],导致肌肉能量供应以葡萄糖氧化为主,脂肪酸合成能力相对较弱,形成与松辽黑猪差异化的肌肉脂肪酸组成和代谢特性[12]。与杜洛克×巴克夏×嘉兴黑猪(DBJ猪)和杜洛克×长白猪×约克夏猪(DLY猪)相比,金华猪具有优异的肌肉品质(系水力高、剪切力低、肌内脂肪丰富、肌苷酸含量高)。金华猪肠道显著富集LachnospiraceaePrevotellaceae NK3B31Marvinbryantia等纤维降解菌[13, 14]PrevotellaAlloprevotella两类纤维降解菌通过高效分解日粮多糖生成短链脂肪酸,为肌内脂肪合成提供能量与碳骨架;同时通过调控胆汁酸代谢、激活脂肪生成通路,并改善肠道屏障与炎症状态,促进脂肪酸向肌肉组织的定向沉积,最终提升肌内脂肪含量与肉品大理石纹丰度,表明宿主遗传背景通过富集关键菌群调控肌肉脂肪沉积和肉品质形成[15]。以上研究表明,不同猪种肠道菌群与其肌肉生长发育密切相关。

除相关性研究外,粪菌移植实验也证实了不同猪种肠道菌群差异是影响其骨骼肌生长发育的重要因素。荣昌猪作为我国典型的肥胖型地方猪种,其特有遗传背景可显著提升肠道菌群中厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比值。该菌群结构通过重塑宿主能量代谢微环境,改变肌纤维类型构成,提高慢肌纤维比例并减小肌纤维直径,同时激活脂肪合成相关信号通路,最终形成荣昌猪特有的肌内脂质沉积表型[16]。与之相反,瘦肉型大白猪在自身遗传调控下表现出完全不同的肠道菌群特征,厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比值偏低,能量代谢更倾向于分解消耗而非储存,使得肌肉发育以蛋白质沉积为主,脂肪沉积受到抑制[17]。粪菌移植试验进一步验证,将荣昌猪肠道菌群移植给无菌小鼠后,可跨物种传递其肌纤维表型与脂质代谢特征,表明宿主遗传背景可通过肠道菌群介导,对肌肉表型产生因果性调控作用[16]。与瘦肉型长白猪相比,金华猪肉质较好,其肌内脂肪(IMF)含量较高,通过将成年的两类猪种的粪便微生物群移植到抗生素治疗的小鼠体内,发现金华猪受体小鼠中厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例升高,其肠道富集的特定菌群通过抑制血管生成素样蛋白4(ANGPTL4)的表达,解除其对脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)的抑制作用[18],增强LPL活性,从而促进循环甘油三酯水解为游离脂肪酸[19],并加速其向骨骼肌组织的摄取和储存。相比之下,长白猪受体小鼠中ANGPTL4表达维持较高水平,持续抑制LPL活性,导致肌内甘油三酯储备能力不足,形成典型的瘦肉型肌肉表型[20]

综上所述,不同猪种的遗传背景,塑造独特的肠道微生物群落结构,通过菌群代谢物信号(如犬尿喹啉酸)、酶活性调控(如LPL活性调节)和宿主-菌群共代谢网络等分子机制,调控骨骼肌的纤维类型组成、脂质和能量代谢模式,最终影响肌肉生长发育和肉品质表型。

2.2 肌肉生长发育调控基因通过肠道菌群对骨骼肌发育的影响

近期研究发现,宿主肌肉生长发育调控基因可显著影响肠道微生物群结构,进而影响骨骼肌生长发育。肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因的缺失通过肌球蛋白轻链激酶/肌球蛋白轻链通路,正向调控肠道紧密连接相关基因TJP1OCLN的表达。相较于正常野生猪,肌肉生长抑制素缺失猪的肠道肌层厚度增加及黏膜皱襞长度延长。这些改变共同影响了肠道微生物群的结构[21]。移植肌肉生长抑制素缺失猪肠道微生物群的使受体小鼠重现了骨骼肌表型,小鼠表现出更大的肌纤维横截面积,更高的快缩糖酵解肌肉质量(Ⅱb型肌纤维增多)[22]。长链非编码RNA SYISL基因缺失可重塑母体肠道菌群结构,并提高胚胎血清丁酸浓度,提高丁酸介导的HDAC抑制及下游H3K9ac/H3K27ac修饰水平,促进胚胎期肌生成过程[23]lncMGPF是一个正向调控肌肉发育与再生修复的长链非编码RNA,综合采用菌群同质化、菌群缺失、粪菌移植及lncMGPF无菌超表达等方法,筛选并鉴定出受lncMGPF调控且具有潜在促肌生长功能的候选菌株s_Ileibacterium valens[24]。这些研究揭示了宿主基因通过调控肠道微生物组成,进而影响肌肉生长发育。

3 肠道微生物对宿主骨骼肌生长发育影响

3.1 肠道微生物调控宿主基因影响骨骼肌质量与肌纤维形态

肠道微生物定植是骨骼肌生长发育的必要条件,研究表明,肠道微生物通过影响肌纤维形态调控骨骼肌发育和功能。肠道菌群缺失导致无菌仔猪循环中的短链脂肪酸含量显著降低,进而引起肌肉线粒体功能障碍和肌生成调节蛋白(MyoG、MyoD)表达下调,最终表现为肌肉质量降低、肌纤维直径减小、慢肌纤维比例下降及整体肌肉功能减弱。此外,肠道菌群缺失导致IGF1/AKT/mTOR通路被阻断,引起无菌仔猪肌肉萎缩和自噬,同时肌肉萎缩基因Atrogin1Murf1高表达。对无菌仔猪进行粪菌移植后能部分恢复其骨骼肌生长发育[25]。此外,菌群来源的甲基供体甜菜碱促进小鼠体内Myh7表达和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila, AKK)丰度增加,并通过m⁶A修饰促进快肌向慢肌纤维的转换[26]。饲料中添加植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),会改变快肌肌球蛋白重链(MHCf)和慢肌肌球蛋白重链(MHCs)表达,使小鼠腓肠肌中I型(慢肌)肌纤维比例显著增加,运动耐力增强[27]

3.2 肠道微生物调控宿主基因影响骨骼肌蛋白质合成与降解

肠道微生物通过影响骨骼肌中蛋白质平衡影响肌肉的发育和功能。在蛋白质合成层面,抗生素处理导致的小鼠肠道菌群失衡干扰了胆汁酸代谢,进而抑制FXR-FGF15信号轴,循环FGF15水平降低后,通过细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)信号通路下调骨骼肌蛋白合成,最终导致肌肉损失[28]。短链脂肪酸通过抑制炎症反应和氧化应激创造有利于肌肉蛋白合成的微环境,动物实验显示补充丁酸可上调mTOR信号通路活性,促进肌管分化与成熟[29]。在蛋白质降解层面,肠道菌群失调导致肠屏障功能受损,革兰氏阴性菌来源的脂多糖经门静脉入血,依次结合LBP和CD14后激活Toll样受体4(TLR4)-MyD88信号通路,诱导TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子释放,这些细胞因子通过激活NF-κB通路上调肌肉萎缩关键E3泛素连接酶Atrogin-1和MuRF1的表达,促进肌肉蛋白降解[30]。肠道微生物代谢产生的短链脂肪酸通过抑制炎症反应和氧化应激创造有利于肌肉蛋白合成的微环境,动物实验显示补充丁酸可上调mTOR信号通路活性,促进肌管分化与成熟[29]

4 宿主基因与肠道微生物的双向互作

目前大量研究报道证实,宿主遗传基因是影响肠道菌群结构与功能的重要因素。王涛等基于1 812例德国人群队列开展全基因组关联分析,鉴定出42个遗传位点(包括维生素D受体基因VDR)与肠道菌群β多样性存在显著关联[31],而且VDR基因缺失可显著重塑粪便及盲肠微生物群落结构,证实宿主VDR遗传变异对肠道菌群组成具有定向选择作用[32]。宿主基因组中单个功能基因的修饰或缺失,也能在不同程度上影响肠道菌群结构与功能。核苷酸结合寡聚结构域2(NOD2)识别细菌胞壁酰二肽,被认为是肠屏障的关键传感器分子[33],成年NOD2基因缺陷型小鼠的肠道微生物群落结构发生显著改变,其粪便和末端回肠中的细菌载量显著升高[34]。肠上皮细胞特异性Zeb2过表达可诱发肠道微生态失调及黏膜屏障功能障碍,进而驱动结直肠癌发生[35],但当通过抗生素干预或无菌手段削减肠道菌群负荷后,Zeb2的致瘤效应即被阻断,无法诱导恶性转化,提示肠道菌群是Zeb2基因发挥促癌功能的必要因素[36]。ABO基因座2.3 kb片段的缺失突变导致编码蛋白丧失N-乙酰半乳糖胺转移酶催化活性,阻断N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc)对肠道黏蛋白糖链的共价修饰。该遗传缺陷引发相应基因型个体肠腔内GalNAc可利用性显著降低,进而限制以该单糖作为唯一或偏好碳源的丹毒丝菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)细菌的定殖[37, 38]。以上研究表明宿主基因可能通过影响肠道菌群结构与功能来调节宿主表型性状。

近年来,肠道菌群调节宿主基因的相关研究不断增多。Lahiri等通过构建无菌小鼠模型证实,肠道菌群缺失可显著上调骨骼肌萎缩相关基因Atrogin-1与Murf-1的表达水平,同时下调神经肌肉接头结构基因RapsynLrp4的转录活性[39]。在结直肠癌(CRC)相关研究中,产肠毒素脆弱拟杆菌(ETBF)被证实可诱导长链非编码RNA BFAL1的异常高表达。该lncRNA作为竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA),通过海绵吸附miR-155-5pmiR-200a-3p,解除上述微小RNA对RHEB的转录后抑制,进而激活mTOR信号级联,促进CRC增殖[40]。研究表明,大白猪与荣昌猪的肠道菌群组成存在显著差异,粪菌移植实验证实,将供体猪的肠道菌群移植至无菌受体小鼠后,引起受体小鼠肌肉组织中脂质代谢关键基因(CPT1ACACA等)及肌球蛋白重链亚型基因(MYH4MYH7等)的差异表达[16]。以上研究表明肠道菌群能影响宿主基因表达与调控过程。

5 宿主和菌群双向互作在猪产肉性状调控中的作用

5.1 宿主与肠道微生物互作提高猪肉品质

宿主与肠道菌群的双向互作网络在畜禽骨骼肌生长发育调控中展现出多元应用价值,一方面可通过靶向干预肠道菌群实现肉品质的提升。母体添加益生菌和合生元可显著改善仔猪肉质:降低65 ~ 125日龄猪肉的滴水损失和剪切力,提高系水力与嫩度;合生元组125日龄猪肉的肌内脂肪显著提高,95日龄猪肉的肉色改善;益生菌组不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,饱和脂肪酸降低;同时通过调控肌纤维类型、肌源性调节及脂质代谢相关基因表达,优化肉品质[41]。菊粉作为益生元选择性增殖双歧杆菌和乳杆菌,产生SCFAs,改善肠道健康,进而提高猪肉嫩度和保水性[42]。益生菌处理显著降低猪背最长肌剪切力,提升猪肉嫩度,显著提升猪肉多不饱和脂肪酸、ω3和ω6脂肪酸含量,提升猪肉营养价值[43]。在育肥猪日粮中补充嗜酸乳杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌复合益生菌,能显著富集肠道中的聚糖降解菌Prevotella与短链脂肪酸生成菌Phascolarctobacterium。其中,Prevotella copri丰度与肌肉氨基酸水平呈显著正相关,该菌群重塑最终推动背最长肌内风味相关核苷酸及鲜味氨基酸含量大幅提升,实现猪肉风味的改善[44]。约氏乳杆菌MS0621(Lactobacillus johnsonii MS0621)的定殖增加了瘦肉猪肠道乳酸杆菌的丰度,同时增加了肠道脂肪酸吸收以及脂肪和肌肉组织中的脂质沉积[45]。在巴马小型孕猪及其断奶后仔猪基础日粮中添加益生菌,显著增加95日龄时猪腰大肌肌内脂肪含量;提升65日龄时背最长肌多不饱和脂肪酸及ω3多不饱和脂肪酸水平和125日龄时背最长肌中棕榈油酸水平,改善猪肉的营养组成和风味[46]。在猪日粮中添加复合益生菌(包含酿酒酵母、干酪乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌),在不改变总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、总多不饱和脂肪酸的前提下,降低了促炎潜力较强的花生四烯酸水平,增加了人体必需的亚油酸与温和中链饱和脂肪酸水平,优化脂肪酸结构,提升肉品营养价值并减轻心血管负担[47]。上述研究结果表明,靶向调控宿主肠道菌群是改善猪肉品质的有效技术路径。

5.2 宿主与肠道微生物互作提升猪饲料利用率与生长性能

肠道菌群发酵膳食纤维产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),提供宿主能量代谢底物,改善菌群结构,进而提高宿主对粗纤维、蛋白质和能量的利用率,降低料重比[48]。添加复合益生菌(乳酸菌+芽孢杆菌+酵母菌)可以提高猪日增重,改善饲料利用率。海藻作为益生元能提高猪的平均日增重和饲料效率,提高猪骨骼肌抗氧化能力[49]。产孢梭菌定殖可显著提高小鼠体重与肌肉重量,并上调肌源性调节因子(MRFs)的表达,同时产孢梭菌代谢色氨酸生成抗炎代谢物吲哚-3-丙酸(IPA),通过IPA/miR-26a-2-3p/IL-1β级联反应发挥抗炎保护作用,降低小鼠肌肉组织中促炎细胞因子水平,促进肌肉生长发育[50]。日粮中添加德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii,LD),可通过抑制内质网应激或NF-κB信号通路的活化来减少促炎细胞因子分泌,同时降低蛋白质降解,提升仔猪肌肉的抗炎作用[51]。在基础日粮中添加芽孢杆菌源益生菌,上调济州本地猪背最长肌与脂肪组织中脂肪生成及肌源性标志物的表达水平(如MyoD、Myogenin、PPARγ、FASN等),同时提高济州本地猪日平均增重与饲料利用率,降低背膘厚度[52]。布拉迪酿酒酵母RC009作为功能性益生菌添加剂,通过调控肠道微生态、缓解断奶应激,可显著提升断奶后仔猪的日增重与总增重,优化饲料转化效率,提高生长指数,同时有效降低腹泻发生率,实现仔猪生产性能与健康水平的双重提升[53]。上述研究结果表明,靶向调控宿主肠道菌群是提高猪饲料利用率与生产性能的有效技术路径。

6 总结

宿主与肠道菌群的双向互作网络在骨骼肌发育与肉品质形成中发挥关键作用。如表1归纳,LactobacillusLachnospiraceaePrevotellaceae等优势菌属,通过介导短链脂肪酸合成和色氨酸代谢等核心环节,调控肌纤维类型分化、肌内脂肪沉积及肌肉代谢平衡,从而塑造肉品质表型。上述机制为开发菌群靶向干预策略、实现猪肉品质精准改良奠定了理论基础。

7 展望

目前宿主与肠道微生物互作调控猪产肉性状研究取得了重要进展,然而,这些研究主要局限于现象观察或关联性分析,缺乏因果验证。因此,未来研究应基于“肠道菌群—宿主基因—表型”三者间存在相关性前提,整合基因编辑及无菌动物模型制备技术,利用功能导向培养组技术、基因编辑与宏基因组等多组学技术与基因工程菌的体内功能验证等研究方法,证实猪肠道菌群与宿主互作调节猪产肉性状间的因果关系,筛选、分离提升猪重要经济性状的关键功能菌株,解析其调控机制,建立猪宿主基因与肠道菌群结合干预产肉性状的新策略,研发以肠道菌群为靶标的系列产品,为生猪高效生产和健康养殖提供理论和技术支持。

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基金资助

湖北省自然科学基金(2021CFA018)

湖北省农业创新中心团队(2021-620-000-001-030)

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