口腔癌病因与早期筛查技术的研究进展

Research Progress on the Etiology and Early Screening Technologies for Oral Cancer

摘要

口腔癌是全球常见且致死率较高的恶性肿瘤,五年生存率改善有限,其癌前病变为早期诊断与干预提供了关键窗口。然而,现行实践仍存在明显不足:常规口腔临床检查对隐匿或早期病灶的敏感性有限;组织活检虽为金标准,却具有侵入性、取样区域受限,不适合人群筛查与随访;并且缺乏将分子学、光学与计算工具纳入分层管理的标准化无创流程。本文整合了近期研究证据,对口腔癌病因学(包括行为、微生物与代谢、社会与环境因素)以及多种筛查与诊断技术(包括传统筛查方法及新兴的荧光法、细胞刷活检技术、唾液与血液生物标志物和人工智能辅助分析技术)进行综述。

Abstract

Oral cancer is a common malignancy worldwide with a high case-fatality rate, and gains in five-year survival have been limited. Its precursor lesions provide a critical window for early detection and intervention. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the current practice: the sensitivity of routine oral clinical examination to hidden or early lesions is limited; although tissue biopsy is the gold standard, it is invasive and the sampling area is limited, making it unsuitable for population screening and follow-up; there is a lack of standardized non-invasive processes that incorporate molecular, optical and computational tools into hierarchical management. This article integrates recent research evidence to review the etiology of oral cancer (including behavioral, microbiological and metabolic, social and environmental factors) as well as various screening and diagnostic techniques (including traditional screening methods and emerging fluorescence methods, cell brush biopsy techniques, saliva and blood biomarkers, and artificial intelligence-assisted analysis techniques).

关键词

口腔癌 / 癌前病变 / 早期诊断筛查

Key words

oral cancer / precancerous lesions / early diagnosis and screening

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基金资助

中央引导地方科技发展专项(2022BGE237)

湖北省自然科学基金创新发展联合基金项目(2025AFD282)