The dynamics of a predator⁃prey model with maturation and digestion delays were studied. The characteristic equation with delay-dependent parameters was first analyzed using the geometric method. Accordingly, the Hopf bifurcation curve and unstable region on the two-delay plane were obtained. The center manifold and normal form theory were then applied to deduce the criteria for judging the bifurcation direction and the stability of the bifurcation periodic orbit. Combined with numerical examples, it was found that, as the digestion delay increases, the model would lose its stability. In contrast, as the maturation lag increases, the model would tend to be stable after finite stability switches.
XIAOJianglong, SONGYongli, XIAYonghui. Spatiotemporal dynamics induced by the interaction between fear and schooling behavior in a diffusive model[J]. Acta Mathematica Scientia, 2024, 44 (6): 1577⁃1594.
[3]
WANGXiaoying, ZANETTELiana, ZOUXingfu. Modelling the fear effect in predator⁃prey interactions[J]. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2016, 73(5): 1179⁃1204.
SONGGe, GANJingwen. Dynamical analyses of a nonautonomous prey-predator stage structure system with refuges and time delay[J]. Journal of Xinyang Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 37(2): 203⁃209.
[6]
KUANGYang. Delay differential equations with applications in population dynamics [M]. New York: Academic Press, 1993.
[7]
MAXiaoke, SUYing, ZOUXingfu. Joint impact of maturation delay and fear effect on the population dynamics of a predator⁃prey system[J]. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 2024, 84(4): 1557⁃1579.
[8]
LIShuai, SONGXinyu, HUANGChengdai. Further study on the crossing curves in two⁃delay differential equations with delay⁃dependent coefficients[J]. Applied Mathematics Letters, 2024, 158: 109264.
[9]
ANQi, BERETTAE, KUANGYang, et al. Geometric stability switch criteria in delay differential equations with two delays and delay dependent parameters[J]. Journal of Differential Equations, 2019, 266(11): 7073⁃7100.
[10]
HASSARDB D, KAZARINOFFN D, WANYieh‑Hei. Theory and applications of Hopf bifurcation[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.