AMPK通路介导中医药改善非酒精性脂肪肝的分子机制及研究进展

曹峰铭 ,  胡锋杰 ,  周英

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2) : 148 -160.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2) : 148 -160. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250806.003
综述

AMPK通路介导中医药改善非酒精性脂肪肝的分子机制及研究进展

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AMPK pathway mediates the molecular mechanism and research progress of traditional Chinese medicine to improve non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease

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摘要

本文综述AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP‑activated protein kinase,AMPK)通路介导中医药改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的分子机制及近5年研究进展。NAFLD发病涉及糖脂代谢紊乱、炎症及线粒体功能障碍。AMPK作为能量代谢核心枢纽,通过调控脂肪酸合成、氧化、自噬及炎症在NAFLD中起关键作用。研究表明,多种中药单体(如萜类梓醇、黄酮葛根素、生物碱小檗碱、苷类黄芪甲苷、酚类和厚朴酚、多糖金银花多糖等)通过靶向激活AMPK或其上游激酶(LKB1、CaMKKβ、AdipoR1等),抑制脂质合成关键因子(SREBP‑1c、FAS、ACC),促进脂肪酸氧化(PPARα、CPT‑1),改善胰岛素抵抗,增强自噬(ULK1、LC3),并抑制炎症(NF‑κB)和氧化应激(Nrf2),多维度改善NAFLD。中药复方(如经典名方泽泻汤、五苓散、当归芍药散,经验效方芪术方、六味降脂汤,中成药消脂方、脑心清等)凭借多成分协同,更系统地调控AMPK下游网络(如LKB1/AMPK/PGC‑1α、AMPK/mTOR/ULK1、AMPK/SIRT1),综合促进脂质分解、抑制合成,增强自噬及抗炎,体现中医“疏肝健脾”“活血化浊”等治法的科学内涵。综上,中医药通过靶向AMPK重塑肝脏能量代谢稳态,为NAFLD防治提供了重要分子证据及中西医融合基础;未来需克服模型异质性,深入解析复方协同机制及通路交互作用,并推动临床转化。

Abstract

This article reviews the molecular mechanism and progress in the last 5 years of the AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway‑mediated improvement of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. AMPK, as a core hub of energy metabolism, plays a key role in NAFLD by regulating fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, autophagy and inflammation. Studies have shown that a variety of herbal monomers (e.g., the terpene catalpol, the flavonoid geraniol, the alkaloid berberine, the glycosides astragaloside, phenols and thujaplicins, and the polysaccharides honeysuckle polysaccharides) inhibit the key factors of lipid synthesis (SREBP‑1c, FAS, ACC), promote fatty acid oxidation (PPARα, CPT‑1), improves insulin resistance, enhances autophagy (ULK1, LC3), and inhibits inflammation (NF‑κB) and oxidative stress (Nrf2) to improve NAFLD in a multidimensional manner by targeting the activation of AMPK or its upstream kinases (LKB1, CaMKKβ, AdipoR1, etc.). By virtue of the synergistic effect of multiple components, the TCM compound formula (e.g. the classic formula Zexie Decoction, Wuling Powder, and Danggui Shaoyao Powder; the empirical formula Qishu Formula, and Liuwei Jiangzhi Decoction; and the proprietary Chinese medicines Elimination of Lipids Fang, and Cerebro‑Cardio‑Clear, etc.) can regulate the downstream network of AMPK (e.g. LKB1/AMPK/PGC‑1α, AMPK/mTOR/ULK1, and AMPK/SIRT1) in a systematic way, and comprehensively promote the catabolism of lipids, inhibit synthesis, enhance autophagy and anti‑inflammation, reflecting the scientific connotation of Chinese medicine's treatment methods such as “dredging the liver and strengthening the spleen” and “activating the blood and resolving turbidities”. In conclusion, Chinese medicine provides important molecular evidence and the basis for the integration of Chinese and Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD by targeting AMPK to remodel the homeostasis of liver energy metabolism. In the future, we need to overcome the heterogeneity of the model, deeply analyze the synergistic mechanism of the compound and the interaction of the pathways, and promote the clinical translation.

Graphical abstract

关键词

非酒精性脂肪肝 / 代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / AMPK / 中医药

Key words

Non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) / Metabolic‑associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) / AMP‑activated protein kinase(AMPK) / Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

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曹峰铭,胡锋杰,周英. AMPK通路介导中医药改善非酒精性脂肪肝的分子机制及研究进展[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2026, 32(2): 148-160 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250806.003

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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是以肝细胞大泡性脂肪变性为主要病理特征,且排除酒精滥用及其他明确致肝损因素的临床综合征1。流行病学研究显示,该疾病呈全球性流行态势,总体患病率达32.4%,且其流行趋势具有明显时空特征:2005~2016年间,全球患病率由25.5%激增至37.8%,现已成为肝病导致死亡的主要病因2。在我国,NAFLD疾病造成的社会负担同样严峻,统计显示我国NAFLD患病率为30%,随着居民生活方式的转变,其患病率仍在上升,NAFLD正在加速演变为我国的重大公共卫生问题3。且目前在临床上,NAFLD的治疗仍面临挑战,尚未有任何获批的NAFLD特效治疗药物4
AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP‑activated protein kinase,AMPK)是一种广泛存在于真核生物体内的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,在维持细胞代谢平衡中起着核心作用5。近年来,AMPK在代谢性疾病中起到的作用逐渐被大家所重视。多项研究表明,中药活性成分以及复方制剂可通过靶向调节AMPK通路改善糖脂代谢紊乱,抑制炎症,改善氧化应激等,这为NAFLD的靶向治疗开辟了新方向。本研究基于NAFLD的病理特征,以“非酒精性脂肪肝”“代谢相关脂肪性肝病”“AMPK”“中医药”“天然药物”为核心检索词,系统检索Web of Science、PubMed、CNKI、中国生物医学文献数据库等数据库近5年文献。通过整合分析中药调控AMPK通路干预NAFLD的实验基础及临床研究成果,系统综述其分子机制,旨在为优化NAFLD的治疗策略提供理论基础和创新视角。

1 AMPK通路概述

1.1 AMPK的结构及激活

AMPK是由α(催化亚基)、β及γ(调节亚基)构成的异源三聚体复合物,其活性主要由α亚基Thr172位点的磷酸化状态决定。γ亚基通过4个CBS重复结构域结合AMP/ADP实现能量状态感知,并调控α亚基Thr172磷酸化水平以激活AMPK67。该激酶的上游调控网络主要包含3种核心激酶:肝激酶B1(LKB1)、钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶β(CaMKKβ)及转化生长因子‑β激活激酶‑1(TAK‑1)。在能量应激条件下,LKB1通过直接磷酸化AMPKα亚基Thr172位点激活AMPK,成为维持机体能量稳态的核心分子8。细胞内钙离子浓度升高可激活CaMKKβ介导的AMPK磷酸化,进而驱动葡萄糖摄取、脂质代谢及能量平衡调控910。LKB1与CaMKKβ在AMPK通路中表现出明显的协同调控效应11。在炎症或应激条件下,TAK‑1通过磷酸化AMPKα亚基Thr172位点直接参与其激活过程,这一机制在氧化应激应答、自噬调控及炎症反应中具有关键作用1213

此外,脂联素(Adiponectin,ADI)、瘦素(Leptin,LEP)和AMP/ATP比值可通过影响LKB1、CaMKKβ或TAK‑1间接激活AMPK。例如,ADI与脂联素受体(AdipoRs)结合后,通过诱导细胞内Ca2+浓度升高触发CaMKKβ的活化,进而介导AMPKα亚基Thr172位点的磷酸化,进而驱动AMPK通路的激活14。LEP通过上调CAMKK2及LKB1的蛋白表达水平,明显增强AMPKα亚基Thr172位点的磷酸化修饰,从而实现对AMPK通路的级联激活1516。在细胞能量状态波动时,AMP/ATP比值的动态变化不仅通过诱导AMPKγ亚基构象重排促进α亚基的激活,还可明显提升LKB1及CaMKKβ对α亚基Thr172位点的磷酸化效率,形成双向调控网络17

1.2 AMPK的效应

AMPK作为细胞能量代谢的核心调控枢纽,通过多层次分子机制协同调控糖脂代谢稳态。在脂质代谢调控中,AMPK被激活后直接磷酸化乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC),导致丙二酰辅酶A生成减少,既抑制脂肪从头合成(DNL)又促进脂肪酸氧化1819。同时通过抑制甾醇调节元件结合转录因子1(SERBP‑1)的活性,下调肪酸合酶(FAS)、ACC等脂质合成相关基因表达,亦可有效缓解脂质堆积2021。在蛋白质合成调控中,能量应激导致的AMP/ATP比值升高不仅激活AMPK对TSC2(Thr1227/Ser1345)位点的磷酸化修饰,更通过增强TSC2‑TSC1复合物活性抑制mTOR信号通路,从而协调蛋白质合成与细胞稳态22

在线粒体功能调控方面,AMPK通过双重机制维持能量平衡:一方面激活增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC1‑α)的表达,随后激活线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)以增强线粒体氧化呼吸功能23;另一方面通过磷酸化Unc‑51样自噬激活激酶1(ULK1)的Ser467、Ser555、Thr574、Ser637等位点,并抑制mTORC1活性,启动自噬程序清除受损线粒体,其中PINK1‑Parkin通路的正向协同调控进一步保障线粒体质量控制2425

在代谢性疾病防治方面,AMPK通过磷酸化灭活HMGCR减少胆固醇合成,激活FOXO3增强抗氧化防御,以及抑制核因子κB(NF‑κB)减轻炎症反应,形成多维度保护机制2628。这种多靶点、多维度的调控网络使AMPK成为连接能量代谢、细胞自噬与炎症应答的核心枢纽,为代谢性疾病治疗提供了重要的分子靶点。AMPK信号通路见图1

2 AMPK通路在NAFLD中的作用

NAFLD的病理机制已从经典的“脂质蓄积与氧化应激”双重打击理论,演进为涵盖代谢失衡、炎症激活、线粒体功能障碍及肠肝轴紊乱的“多重打击理论”。AMPK作为能量代谢的核心枢纽,通过调控DNL、脂肪酸β氧化、胰岛素抵抗(IR)、自噬及炎症/氧化应激等多种方式,在NAFLD发展中发挥关键作用(图2)。首先,AMPK通路通过抑制ACC、SERBP‑1等关键靶点发挥调控作用,减少DNL,从而改善肝脏脂质代谢2930。其次,通过上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC‑1α)增强线粒体呼吸功能,同时促进肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT‑1)表达,加速长链脂肪酸向线粒体转运,提升β氧化效率,有效缓解肝细胞脂质超载3132;此外,AMPK一方面通过磷酸化失活ChREBP以抑制糖酵解途径驱动的脂质生成,从而缓解脂毒性相关的IR33;另一方面通过负调控mTORC1活性,影响其下游基因IRS1Grb10,进而抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路,改善代谢紊乱和IR2434。同时,它通过磷酸化Unc‑51样自噬激活激酶1(ULK1)或激活TSC2,抑制mTORC1活性,启动脂噬(lipophagy)和线粒体自噬(mitophagy),清除受损脂滴和线粒体,修复代谢紊乱35;最后,AMPK通过磷酸化激活SIRT1并协同PPAR‑γ等下游效应分子构成代谢调控网络,其抗炎机制涉及多维度调控:一方面抑制脂质合成相关基因转录、增强脂肪酸β‑氧化能力,另一方面通过降低NAD+/NADH比率及阻断NF‑κB等促炎通路活化实现炎症稳态调节36。这种多靶点协同机制使AMPK成为平衡肝脏能量代谢的核心枢纽,贯穿NAFLD从早期代偿性激活到晚期功能衰减的全过程。

3 中医药调控AMPK通路治疗NAFLD

传统中医虽无“非酒精性脂肪肝”病名,然据其脂浊壅滞肝络之特征可归属于“肝癖”“胁痛”“痞满”“肝胀”等范畴37。其发病系饮食不节、劳逸失度、情志失调等多因素交互作用,病位主涉肝脾两脏,核心病机枢机失司于肝失疏泄与脾失健运,病理演变呈现痰浊、瘀血交阻之态势,形成本虚(肝脾功能衰退)标实(痰瘀互结)的动态证候体系,故治疗强调疏肝理气以调畅气机、健脾化浊以运中州、活血通络以消癥结的标本兼治原则38。基于其病机复合性与病理网络特性,中医药凭借多靶点干预与整体调节优势在NAFLD治疗中展现独特价值。

3.1 中药单体

3.1.1 萜类化合物

梓醇作为地黄的主要活性成分,通过抑制脂肪生成并依赖AMPK信号增强脂肪酸β氧化,有效改善肝脂肪变性39。雷公藤甲素作为雷公藤主要活性成分,通过变构激活AMPK通路上调ACC1磷酸化水平,在抑制肝脏脂质合成、促进脂肪酸氧化的同时,显示出剂量依赖性特点:50 μg/kg剂量可安全改善NAFLD的脂肪变性、炎症及纤维化,而100 μg/kg高剂量则引发肝毒性40。泽泻的主要成分之一24‑乙酰泽泻醇A通过激活CaMKKβ‑AMPK轴,联动调控p38 MAPK和AS160信号节点,在促进葡萄糖摄取和GLUT4易位过程中改善胰岛素敏感性,形成对NAFLD的多维度干预41

3.1.2 黄酮类化合物

葛根素作为葛根的核心活性成分,通过双重调控机制改善NAFLD:一方面激活AMPK并下调SREBP‑1/FAS表达抑制肝脏脂肪生成;另一方面通过激活SIRT1/Nrf2信号轴协同抑制铁死亡和炎症反应42。高良姜素作为高良姜的主要有效成分之一,通过明显提升p‑AMPK/AMPK比值抑制SREBP‑1c、FAS、ACC等脂质合成基因表达,使高脂饮食大鼠肝脏TG、TC、ALT、AST水平明显下降,同时降低Collagen‑I和α‑SMA等纤维化标志物,其作用在体内外实验中得到共同验证43

3.1.3 生物碱类化合物

黄连中的小檗碱通过协同激活AMPK/SIRT1双通路,调控NF‑κB、ACC及FOXO等关键靶点,有效抑制肝脏氧化应激、炎症级联反应及细胞凋亡进程,从而多维度改善NAFLD病理进展44。益母草特有的益母草碱通过特异性激活ADRA1a受体触发AMPK信号轴,明显抑制SCD1Sms等脂质合成关键基因表达,同步降低TxB3等脂肪酸酰基及甘油磷脂代谢产物水平,同时依托AMPK介导的脂代谢重编程有效缓解肝脏脂质蓄积45

3.1.4 苷类化合物

黄芩苷作为黄芩的核心活性成分,通过AMPK信号轴双向调控SREBP1/NF‑κB抑制与Nrf2激活机制,有效干预NAFLD病理进程46。龙胆草中的龙胆苦苷则通过TLR‑4/NF‑κB与AMPK/Nrf2双通路协同作用,在改善胰岛素敏感性和抑制氧化炎症反应方面展现独特优势,明显提升NAFLD大鼠代谢指标47。贯叶连翘中的金丝桃苷通过靶向AMPK通路,建立肝脏脂质合成抑制与分解促进的动态平衡机制48。在T2DM合并NAFLD的复杂病理中,黄芪甲苷凭借AMPK信号级联反应,通过p‑AMPK/SREBP‑1/FAS信号轴精准调控脂肪酸代谢,有效缓解肝脂蓄积及代谢紊乱49

3.1.5 酚类化合物

新绿原酸作为桑叶中提取的主要酚类化合物,其抗氧化与抗炎特性通过调节miR‑34a/SIRT1/AMPK信号轴发挥作用,该机制通过抑制SREBP1、FASN、SREBP2及HMG‑CoR表达,有效缓解油酸诱导的脂质蓄积50。和厚朴酚作为厚朴特征性活性成分,通过非经典途径直接结合AMPKγ1亚基激活AMPK信号,在改善肝脏脂质沉积、纤维化和炎症反应的同时明显提升胰岛素敏感性51。同样具有调节AMPK通路功能的丹酚酸A作为丹参根提取物中的天然酚酸,不仅通过AMPK/IGFBP‑1轴抑制脂质生成,其同源物丹酚酸B更通过增强ApoE‑/‑小鼠肝脏自噬水平,协同调控氧化应激和炎症指标,形成对肝脏的多维度保护机制5253

3.1.6 多糖类化合物

金银花多糖作为金银花的重要活性成分,有研究证实其通过激活AMPK通路调节葡萄糖代谢失衡、缓解胰岛素抵抗、抑制脂质蓄积及炎症反应,并调控肝纤维化和自噬进程,从而有效缓解高脂高糖饮食诱发的NAFLD54。紫苏叶多糖则通过SIRT1‑AMPK双通路协同作用,在降低乙醇导致的肝损伤指标和血脂异常方面表现突出,同时改善氧化应激和肝组织炎症,实现脂代谢紊乱的调节55。研究还显示,沙棘多糖通过多重机制发挥作用:一方面激活AMPK磷酸化并抑制PPARγ信号,另一方面激活Nrf‑2/HO‑1抗氧化通路,同时明显降低TNF‑α、IL‑6、IL‑1β等促炎因子水平。其通过调节肠道菌群结构,形成了多维度干预非酒精性脂肪肝脂质沉积的作用网络56

3.1.7 其他中药提取物

肉桂所含的肉桂醛则以剂量依赖方式激活AMPK/SREBP1c通路,通过双重调控机制明显改善肝脏脂肪变性和代谢异常:一方面抑制SREBP1c/Scd1/ACC1/FAS脂质合成轴,同时激活AMPK/CPT1α/LCAD脂肪酸氧化途径57。菊花核心成分菊苣酸通过增强AMPK磷酸化和Nrf2核转位、抑制NF‑κB表达,明显降低IL‑2、IL‑6、IL‑1β及TNF‑α等炎症因子水平,经AMPK/Nrf2/NF‑κB信号轴发挥抗NAFLD作用58。此外,大黄主要活性成分大黄酸通过特异性激活Sirt1/AMPK信号通路,有效改善NAFLD小鼠的肝细胞脂质代谢紊乱及肝功能指标59

综上所述,多项体内外实验及生物信息学研究表明,中药成分通过调控AMPK通路(直接激活受体或调节上游激酶),可改善能量代谢紊乱,有效抑制非酒精性脂肪肝发展。其作用涉及增强脂肪酸氧化、抑制脂质合成、改善胰岛素抵抗、改善炎症反应、促进脂质自噬等关键环节(表1),这为NAFLD的临床治疗以及开发创新中药提供了分子层面的理论支持。

3.2 中药复方

3.2.1 经典名方

泽泻汤通过激活LKB1/AMPK/PGC‑1α信号通路改善NAFLD的分子机制体现为:在棕榈酸诱导的HepG2细胞模型中,泽泻汤使细胞存活率提升16%、脂质含量减少40%、线粒体膜电位JC‑1红/绿荧光比值增加30%,并上调PGC‑1α表达水平;在高脂饮食小鼠模型中,该方明显降低血浆ALT和AST活性,减少肝脏TC和TG含量,通过LKB1介导的AMPK磷酸化,上调CPT‑1α和UCP‑1表达,促进线粒体β‑氧化与能量代谢重编程69。五苓散改善HFD诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)的机制聚焦于AMPK/mTOR/ULK1通路:在HFD大鼠模型中,五苓散治疗6周明显降低血清ALT/AST水平,减少肝脏脂滴积聚,并通过激活AMPK磷酸化、抑制mTOR磷酸化及SREBP‑1c表达,上调LC3B‑Ⅱ、Beclin1和ULK1表达,同时降低自噬底物p62蛋白水平,促进自噬流清除脂毒性70。当归芍药散在8周HFD诱导的MAFLD大鼠模型中,经4周治疗后剂量依赖性降低血清TC、TG、LDL‑C及肝组织TC、TG、FFA,同时升高HDL‑C,组织病理学显示肝细胞脂肪变性与炎症浸润明显改善;分子层面证实该方通过增强AMPK磷酸化、抑制mTOR磷酸化及激活ULK1,形成“AMPK→mTOR→ULK1”级联反应,提升LC3B‑Ⅱ/LC3B‑Ⅰ比值和Beclin1表达,减少p62积累,加速脂滴降解71。其余诸多中医经典方剂,如古方黄芪散、丹栀逍遥散、四逆散等,均被证明可通过调节AMPK通路治疗NAFLD(表2)。

3.2.2 经验效方

左归降糖清肝方明显上调INSR蛋白表达和p‑AMPK水平,同时抑制SREBP‑2表达,通过“INSR激活→AMPK信号增强→SREBP‑2介导胆固醇合成抑制”通路协同改善糖脂代谢紊乱79。芪术方通过AMPK‑CPT1A/UCP2轴调节脂代谢稳态。动物实验显示,该方剂干预8周后使血清ALT、AST及促炎因子IL‑6、TNF‑α明显下降,同时提升SOD活性并降低MDA水平。分子机制上,其高剂量组上调p‑AMPKCPT1A mRNA及UCP2蛋白,抑制ACC表达,形成“AMPK激活→CPT1A/UCP2促进β氧化→ACC抑制脂质合成”的代谢调控环路,该发现为“健脾祛湿化痰”理论提供了分子生物学依据80。六味降脂汤经AMPK/ACC/CPT1A通路改善脂代谢,明显上调p‑AMPK和p‑ACC,促进CPT1A表达,使肝组织脂肪空泡面积减少72.4%81。参葛方通过SIRT3‑AMPK‑PGC‐1α轴增强线粒体功能,在MCD饮食小鼠中上调SIRT3、p‑AMPK及PGC‑1α,使ATP生成提升2.7倍且ROS水平降低63.4%82。研究表明,渗湿降浊方、益气健脾汤、降脂理肝汤等经验效方,亦均可调节APMK信号通路,进而缓解NAFLD(表3)。

3.3 中成药

中药复方消脂方通过激活AMPK/PPAR信号通路调节脂代谢,改善高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD。实验显示消脂方明显降低高脂饮食小鼠体重、肝脏重量及白色脂肪体积,改善肝脏病变,降低肝脏FFA及血清MDA,上调SOD活性,通过调控脂代谢基因并激活AMPK磷酸化及PPAR信号通路,进而调控脂肪酸代谢,改善NAFLD86。滇药降脂膏通过上调抗氧化蛋白GPX4、FTH1和SLC7A11表达,下调促氧化标志物HO‑1,降低Fe2+、ROS及MDA水平并提高GSH含量,且通过自噬抑制剂3‑MA证实其依赖自噬通路抵抗铁死亡;同时,降脂膏明显提高p‑AMPK水平,促进自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Beclin1表达并降低p62水平,通过AMPK‑自噬途径改善代谢紊乱和肝脏病变87。脑心清(柿叶提取物)激活LKB1/AMPK磷酸化,上调SIRT1及下游CPT1A,KEGG富集显示AMPK/SIRT1通路为核心调控网络,通过增强线粒体脂肪酸氧化能力缓解脂质蓄积88。降糖三黄片通过激活p‑AMPK抑制SREBP‑1c蛋白表达,形成“AMPK激活→SREBP‑1c介导脂质合成抑制→糖脂代谢改善”的调控轴,结合中医“瘀热互结”理论,其组方成分(桃仁、大黄、芒硝等)通过清热化瘀协同调节AMPK/SREBP‑1c通路89。更多研究显示,诸多中成药,如化滞柔肝颗粒、肝宝胶囊、石斛和剂等,均可通过调节AMPK信号通路,缓解NAFLD(表4)。

4 讨论

非酒精性脂肪肝作为代谢综合征的肝脏表现,其病理本质是能量代谢失衡引发的多系统紊乱。本综述通过整合近5年实验证据,系统揭示了AMPK通路作为能量代谢调控枢纽在NAFLD发病中的核心地位——其磷酸化活性动态失衡贯穿疾病全程,既是连接“脂毒性‑胰岛素抵抗‑炎症风暴”恶性循环的分子纽带,也是调控“脂质合成/分解‑线粒体稳态‑自噬活性”三位一体的关键开关。中医药通过多维度干预这一代谢枢纽,展现出独特的治疗优势:在微观层面,中药活性成分可精准调节AMPK及其上下游激酶(如LKB1、CaMKKβ、TAK‑1)的活性状态,通过“受体激活‑激酶磷酸化‑转录因子调控”三级信号网络重塑代谢稳态;在宏观层面,复方制剂通过多成分协同形成“代谢‑炎症‑自噬”调控环路,与中医“整体调节、标本兼治”的诊疗思维形成跨时空呼应。例如,白术内酯Ⅲ通过靶向AdipoR1激活AMPK/SIRT1通路,明显下调SREBP‑1cFASN等脂质合成基因,同时上调CPT‑1、PPARα等β氧化关键酶,这与中医使用白术健脾化浊的治法相对应,复方研究进一步证实了这一关联:泽泻汤通过LKB1/AMPK/PGC‑1α轴增强线粒体功能,促进脂肪酸氧化,减轻脂质积累,亦与中医使用泽泻汤健脾利湿的功效相对应。当归芍药散、复元活血汤、丹栀逍遥散通过AMPK通路促进脂肪酸氧化,促进自噬,进而抑制脂质蓄积,均体现了“疏肝活血”治法在调控能量代谢枢纽中的科学内涵。这种“病机‑通路‑效应”的精准映射,不仅验证了中医整体观在复杂代谢疾病中的指导价值,更提示AMPK或可作为中西医理论对话的关键“翻译器”,为经典理论的现代化阐释提供了范例。

然而,现有研究仍存在局限性:其一,动物模型与人类疾病异质性导致转化瓶颈,如泽泻汤虽在HepG2细胞中使脂质含量降低,但缺乏临床随机对照试验验证其组织学改善效果;其二,复方多成分协同机制解析不足,如四逆散含药血清较单一成分疗效提升,但其“君臣佐使”配伍规律与AMPK信号网络动态响应的关联尚未阐明;其三,AMPK与其他通路(如mTOR、SIRT1)的交叉对话机制亟待揭示,如丹酚酸B通过AMPK/IGFBP‑1轴抑制脂质合成,但其对AMPK‑mTOR‑自噬轴的时间依赖性调控仍属空白。突破这些瓶颈需构建多学科交叉研究范式:运用类器官模型模拟人类NAFLD病理微环境,建立“成分‑靶点‑通路”动态图谱;采用空间代谢组学技术解析复方多成分的肝内时空分布特征;结合单细胞测序揭示AMPK信号异质性在肝细胞亚群中的调控规律。展望未来,中医药干预AMPK通路研究应着力于3大方向:第一,建立基于AMPK活性动态监测的辨证分型标准,如将p‑AMPK/总AMPK比值与“痰湿质”“气滞血瘀”等证候要素相关联;第二,开发AMPK通路示踪纳米探针,实时可视化中药成分的肝内靶向递送过程;第三,构建“病机‑通路‑证候”人工智能模型,实现中医药干预方案的精准预测。唯有将传统智慧与现代科技深度融合,方能真正解锁中医药调控能量代谢枢纽的治疗潜能,为代谢性肝病防治开辟新纪元。

综上所述,中医药通过AMPK通路治疗NAFLD的研究展现了广阔前景,尽管当前的研究还存在许多局限性,还需要多学科交叉合作推动基础研究向临床应用的转化,但随着对中医药研究的不断深入,中医药有望为NAFLD的靶向治疗提供新的方向。

作者贡献度说明:

曹峰铭:文章撰写,文献查询,文献筛选;周英、胡锋杰:指导文章撰写及文献查询与筛选。

所有作者不存在利益冲突关系。

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2022D01C450)

天池英才引进计划项目(030106062529)

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