钛/钢异种金属熔化焊研究进展

夏月庆 ,  徐桂生 ,  纠永涛 ,  路全彬 ,  郭鹏 ,  秦建 ,  潘志刚 ,  周培林 ,  张秀丽 ,  龙伟民

材料工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (8) : 106 -118.

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材料工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (8) : 106 -118. DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000450

钛/钢异种金属熔化焊研究进展

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Research progress in fusion welding of titanium/steel dissimilar metals

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摘要

钛/钢(Ti/Fe)异种金属复合构件可以充分发挥钛合金高比强度、优异耐腐蚀性及高温稳定性的优点,同时兼具钢的高刚度、低成本以及良好加工性能的优势,应用潜力巨大。然而,Ti、Fe之间物理及化学性能差异大,使得钛/钢异种金属复合构件的焊接面临极大挑战。由于熔化焊接头具有成形好、适应性强、效率高等特点,近年来在钛/钢异种金属连接领域备受关注。本文系统综述了激光焊、电弧焊、电子束焊等工艺的研究进展,全面论述了不同熔化焊工艺、中间层、冶金产物对接头组织及性能的影响,揭示了工艺-组织-性能之间的内在联系。在此基础上,总结了钛/钢连接技术存在的难题:如工艺改进无法避免金属间化合物、单金属中间层局限性大、复合中间层方案复杂等,并提出金属高熵合金化、机器学习辅助设计、多工艺协调等未来研究方向,为钛/钢高质量连接技术的突破提供技术与理论支撑,提速钛/钢复合构件的工程化应用进程。

Abstract

Titanium/steel (Ti/Fe) dissimilar metal composite components can fully utilize the advantages of titanium alloys, such as high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and high-temperature stability, while also incorporating the benefits of steel, including high stiffness, low cost, and good machinability. However, the substantial differences in physical and chemical properties between Ti and Fe pose major challenges for the welding of titanium/steel dissimilar metal composites. Due to the advantages of good formability, strong adaptability, and high efficiency, fusion welding joints have garnered significant attention in the field of joining titanium/steel dissimilar metals in recent years. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of laser welding, arc welding, electron beam welding, and other processes, analyses the effects of different fusion welding processes, interlayers, and metallurgical products on the microstructure and properties of joints, and reveals the intrinsic relationship between process-microstructure-properties. Based on this analysis, the existing problems and future research directions of titanium/steel welding technique are summarized, such as the process improvement can not avoid the problems of intermetallic compounds, the limitations of single metal interlayer, and the complexity of composite interlayer scheme. The future research directions, such as metal high entropy alloying, machine learning aided design, and multi-process coordination are proposed to provide technical and theoretical support for the breakthrough of titanium/steel high-quality welding technique and speed up the engineering application process of titanium/steel composite components.

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关键词

钛/钢异种金属 / 熔化焊 / 焊接工艺 / 中间层 / 组织性能

Key words

titanium/steel dissimilar metal / fusion welding / welding process / interlayer / microstructure and property

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夏月庆,徐桂生,纠永涛,路全彬,郭鹏,秦建,潘志刚,周培林,张秀丽,龙伟民. 钛/钢异种金属熔化焊研究进展[J]. 材料工程, 2026, 54(8): 106-118 DOI:10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000450

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钛合金具有低密度(约4.5 g/cm³)、高比强度、优异的耐腐蚀性及良好的高温稳定性,被广泛应用于航空航天、海洋工程与石油化工等领域。但是钛合金价格高、难加工,严重限制了其广泛应用1-4。钢的价格低廉、加工工艺成熟,是工业上常用的金属材料之一,但其存在密度大、质量重的工程化劣势。实现两种材料的复合连接,可以同时发挥钛合金与钢的性能优势,在实现结构轻量化的同时兼顾关键部件对强度、耐磨性、高温性能等的综合需求5-9。因此钛/钢异种金属的焊接具有现实意义与应用前景。然而,Ti、Fe之间物化性能差异显著,使得钛/钢异种金属复合构件的焊接面临巨大挑战。纯铁的热导率是纯钛的4.8倍,同时线膨胀系数是钛的1.4倍。由于焊接时二者的膨胀和收缩程度不同,接头中往往产生较大残余应力,从而导致裂纹的产生,严重时甚至会发生焊缝与母材的崩断脱落10-11。此外,由Ti-Fe二元相图12可以看出,Ti与Fe在室温下互溶性极低,焊接时接头中易形成大量脆性金属间化合物(intermetallic compounds,IMCs),损害接头性能,在实际应用中具有较大的潜在危险。
目前钛/钢异种金属的焊接主要采用钎焊、压力焊以及熔化焊。其中钎焊主要从工艺及钎料设计的角度出发,实现接头的可靠性连接,但是生产效率低、接头强度较差。压力焊主要包括爆炸焊、扩散焊、电阻焊等方法,对接头形式要求较高,不适用于复杂构件连接,应用局限性大13-15。近年来,国内外学者围绕钛/钢熔化焊开展了大量的研究,为钛/钢异种金属的可靠性连接提供了新方法、新思路。Ti、Fe之间物理及化学固有属性差异难以消除,因此只能通过工艺、中间层、辅助手段等调控钛/钢接头中脆性化合物的种类、分布以及数量,以降低接头脆性。本文从工艺-组织-性能的内在联系出发,综述了国内外钛/钢异种金属熔化焊的研究现状,深入探讨了钛/钢熔化焊过程中组织与性能的演变规律,对于推动钛/钢异种金属复合构件的工程化应用具有重要意义。

1 钛/钢熔化焊分类

熔化焊具有对工况适应性强、生产效率高、接头力学性能优良等优点,在异种金属焊接制造中潜力巨大。但熔化焊往往热输入高,在异种金属焊接时易产生冶金反应难控、焊接应力/变形大等难题,导致异种金属的熔化焊面临巨大技术挑战。熔化焊方法种类较多,深入研究各工艺方法对钛/钢接头组织与性能的影响规律,可定向提升接头性能,发掘钛/钢熔化焊应用潜力,拓宽其应用范围。目前,用于钛/钢异种金属熔化焊的主要方式有激光焊、电弧焊、电子束焊等,其分类、研究方向、常用中间层材料以及应用领域示意图如图1所示。

2 钛/钢激光焊

激光焊是一种利用高能激光束实现材料连接的先进技术。相较于传统焊接方法,激光焊具有能量密度高、控制精确、热影响区小等优势。早期研究发现16-17,钛/钢激光焊接头中产生的脆性IMCs是削弱其接头性能、导致接头脆性断裂的主要原因。可以通过优化焊接工艺、调控中间层等方法来解决这个难题。

2.1 激光焊接工艺优化

影响激光焊接质量的工艺因素很多,如脉冲形式、焊接速度、激光功率、偏移量等都是激光焊接质量的决定性因素18-19图2为不同工艺下钛/钢激光焊接研究20-21。Chen等20采用图2(a)所示的三种不同激光脉冲形式焊接CP-Ti和304不锈钢,渐进衰减的激光脉冲形式可以有效减少两种母材的熔合,搭接接头的极限抗拉强度达到200 MPa。陈言坤22研究了激光功率对TC4钛合金/304不锈钢激光焊接接头的影响,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝的宽度逐渐增大,接头的等效应力总体上呈现先减小后增大的趋势,而其抗拉强度则先增大后减小,接头性能变化明显。通过控制激光束的偏移量,可以有效抑制液态钛合金与不锈钢的混合,从而减少IMCs的形成23。Zhang等21采用激光焊接SUS301L不锈钢/TC4钛合金,研究了TC4侧不同激光偏移量对接头微观组织及性能的影响,当激光偏移量为0.25 mm时(图2(b)),熔化的钛合金与不锈钢体积比为87∶13,接头处生成了大量的Ti-Fe IMCs;当激光偏移量为0.35 mm时(图2(c)),钛合金与不锈钢的熔化体积比为95∶5,焊接过程中形成的少量IMCs在钢侧不连续分布,实现了钛/钢的有效连接,接头抗拉强度可达182 MPa。

从上述研究结果来看,单一的优化焊接工艺能够在一定程度上改变接头结合形态,控制IMCs的尺寸和分布,但是无法从根本上消除IMCs的生成,也无法解决物理性能巨大差异带来的热应力问题。

2.2 中间层调控

中间层调控的思路是通过引入第三种过渡金属在熔池中形成壁垒,减缓液态母材的流动,消耗Ti、Fe原子,生成其他Ti基IMCs(Ti-Cu、Ti-Ni等),以降低Ti-Fe IMCs生成的概率。作为中间层的过渡金属有焊丝和金属薄片两种形式。过渡金属在降低Ti、Fe之间反应程度的同时,也参与到熔池的冶金反应中,生成相应的冶金产物,因此过渡金属的选择要考虑其与Ti、Fe之间的适配性(冶金相容性、物理性能匹配性等)24-25

将与Fe冶金相容的材料(Cu、Ni、Ag等)或与Ti冶金相容的材料(V、Nb等)作为中间层,可以有效缓解接头脆性26-27图3为采用不同中间层的钛/钢激光焊工艺及接头组织28-31。Pugacheva等28研究了辐射功率与焊接速度对钛/Cu/铬镍钢接头结构的影响,结果表明,在0.3 m/min焊接速度下,辐射功率由1.0 kW提升至2.4 kW,焊缝变得更窄更深,焊缝组织在较高过冷度条件下凝固,形成更小的枝晶,同时铜基固溶体含量的增加抑制了IMCs的生成;焊接速度的增加能够抑制枝晶的形成,接头主要由过饱和Cu基固溶体、(Cu, Cr)2Ti和Cu3Ti组成,在冷却过程中析出分散的纳米级(Fe, Cr)2Ti和Cu4Ti(图3(a)),使得接头的抗拉强度可以与钛合金母材相媲美。Long等29研究了不同厚度(0.2、0.4、0.6 mm)Cu中间层对钛/钢激光焊温度场的影响(图3(b)),0.6 mm厚的Cu中间层能够有效阻止母材熔化和Ti-Fe相的生成。在Ti-Cu界面得到狭窄的温度快速变化区,削减了化合物层厚度,接头抗拉强度高达330 MPa。Tomashchuk等32采用1 mm厚V中间层激光焊接TC4/316L,接头断裂发生在距离TC4侧不远的熔化区,两侧断口呈现相同的成分和解理特征。焊缝中存在(Ti, V)、(Fe, V)固溶体,其中(Fe, V)固溶体在较宽的温度区间内形成脆性σ相,使得接头力学性能降低,最终接头发生脆性断裂。为控制Fe-V体系中的脆性σ相,Zhang等33采用二道焊的方式,将激光先后聚焦在TC4/V和V/SUS301L界面附近,形成两个冶金结合区和未熔化的V夹层,缓解了钛/钢接头中的热应力,接头最大抗拉强度达到587 MPa。

目前,单一金属与Ti和Fe不能同时形成固溶体,因此难以兼顾钛/钢焊缝两侧的性能要求。为了进一步改善接头性能,研究者广泛使用双层或复合中间层。Shi等34以V和CrZrCu板制备新型复合夹层连接TC4钛合金和304不锈钢,成功抑制了Ti-Fe IMCs的形成,获得的接头伸长率为15%,极限抗拉强度为418 MPa。Zhang等3035通过两种复合夹层Nb/Ni、Zn/Cu将钛合金3道激光焊接到不锈钢上(图3(c)30),在焊缝中均未发现Ti-Fe IMCs,接头脆性明显下降。Yu等31使用0.1 mm厚的AgCuTi作为填充金属,成功连接304不锈钢/TC4钛合金。通过改变激光偏移,使得未熔化的不锈钢充当桥梁,将热量传递到焊缝(图3(d)),在熔焊缝两侧形成的奥氏体树枝状晶粒垂直分布到熔合线处,同时未熔化的不锈钢作为屏障,避免了Ti和Fe混合形成IMCs,接头形成良好的冶金结合,力学性能显著提高。

目前广泛使用的多金属复合中间层方案所采用的复杂装配和焊接工艺限制了其应用。Hao等36秉承着多元高熵理念,设计开发了(CoCrFeNi)100-x Cu x 焊丝,用于钛合金与不锈钢的激光焊接,接头抗拉强度达到161 MPa。虽然强度不太理想,但为钛合金/不锈钢焊丝开发提供了一种新思路。近年来,对高熵合金焊丝的激光焊接主要集中在焊接参数37、初始状态38、焊后热处理39等对其可焊性的影响,但高熵合金焊丝对钛/钢焊接接头的力学性能、高温性能、抗腐蚀性能等的影响报道较少。

2.3 其他改进方法

为了提高钛/钢异种金属激光焊接接头的性能,研究人员也提出了一些其他的改进方案。Li等7对Ti/Cu/304SS激光焊接接头进行不同工艺下的焊后热处理。热处理温度从400 ℃提升到550 ℃,Ti-Cu IMCs的间隙增大,相层的厚度增加,同时Cu发生再结晶,焊缝的残余应力得到有效缓解,接头伸长率从0.3%增加到2.21%,抗拉强度保持在320 MPa;随着热处理温度的继续增加,Fe原子穿过铜过渡层形成FeTi相,从而减小了焊接接头的伸长率。采用焊后热处理工艺,理论上可以通过扩散改变界面结构,但实际操作中很难找到既能改善性能又不导致IMCs进一步生长或母材性能恶化的工艺窗口。Chattopadhyay等40采用定向能量沉积Ni的方式,实现钛与不锈钢的成功焊接,在激光功率为1.2 kW、焊接速度为0.5 m/min和占空比为40%的最佳焊接参数下,获得了375 MPa的最大极限抗拉强度接头。

3 钛/钢电弧焊

电弧焊操作简单、成本低、适合批量生产,在工业领域可产生巨大效益41。目前用于钛/钢异种金属连接的电弧焊方法有钨极惰性气体保护焊(tungsten inert gas welding,TIG)和冷金属过渡焊(cold metal transfer welding,CMT)。由于电弧焊的高热输入特性,钛/钢直接焊接被认为是不可行的42-43,因此针对钛/钢异种金属电弧焊的研究主要集中于采用与钛、钢热适配度高的过渡金属或者复合金属来改善焊缝的冶金条件44-46

3.1 钛/钢TIG焊

3.1.1 纯Cu焊丝

Cu焊丝是连接钛/钢的首选材料。Liu等47以流动性较好的纯Cu为填充金属,研究了TA15钛合金/18-8不锈钢的TIG焊接,结果表明焊缝分为反应区、填充金属区以及熔合区,填充金属区与熔合区中形成了大量块状IMCs(Ti3P、Ti2Cu3和TiFe),削弱了接头性能,并最终在此断裂。Hao等48选择纯铜丝作为焊丝,将高频超声振动引入TC4钛合金/304不锈钢的TIG焊。通过提高超声波功率,增强熔池搅拌效应,从而加速Ti/Fe原子的扩散与迁移,从而降低Cu/Fe和Ti/Fe界面中Ti原子的含量,间接降低IMCs的数量。结果表明,当超声波功率为800 W时,接头的残余应力经过超声波振动释放,抗拉强度达到346 MPa。

3.1.2 合金焊丝

研究发现,在钛/钢连接中引入Cu、Ni、V、Nb等中间层材料,能够显著抑制Ti-Fe IMCs的生成49。其作用机制在于:一方面,Cu与Ti反应生成的化合物比Ti-Fe相塑性更佳,有助于形成良好的界面50;另一方面,Ni、V、Nb等元素通过降低Ti、Fe原子的互扩散速率,优先与Ti或Fe形成非脆性化合物相或稳定相,从而取代脆性的Ti-Fe IMCs1951。基于此,越来越多的研究人员采用复合焊丝或多元素组合中间层来阻碍Ti、Fe直接反应,减少IMCs的形成。

图4为不同工艺下的钛/钢TIG焊研究4452-54。郝晓虎52采用CuNi10焊丝TIG焊接TC4/304不锈钢,小电流焊接模式下的接头钛/铜界面微观组织如图4(a)所示,在靠近TC4侧的焊缝区生成大量Ti2Cu+TiNi+TiCu多相混合物,使得钛/铜区抗拉强度提高,但铜/钢侧仍有TiFe2生成,导致接头最终在此处断裂。增加焊丝中的Ni含量,铜/钢界面处生成富铜γ-(Fe, Ni)固溶体,抑制TiFe2相生成的同时将TiFe2相分布在柱状晶间,避免IMCs的连续分布,此时接头抗拉强度最高可达413 MPa。Oliveira等45发现焊后热处理工艺促进了NiTi SMA/Ni基焊丝/304SS接头中残余应力的减小,获得抗拉强度最大为286 MPa的接头。Chu等55采用Cu-V基药芯焊丝TIG焊接CP-Ti/Q345,在焊接接头中检测出Ti-Cu、Ti-Fe-Cu和Ti-Fe IMCs,脆性Ti-Fe IMCs被Cu固溶体稀释,接头的抗拉强度达到501 MPa。此外,Cu-Ni合金焊丝46、Cu-Ti合金焊丝56、CuSi3焊丝57、NiCrMo-3焊丝44等多种复合焊丝被广泛应用于钛/钢TIG焊接中,均获得较好的接头连接性能。有研究人员也尝试把高熵合金焊丝用于钛/钢TIG焊接。Liu等53基于FeCoNiCuTi高熵合金设计四种不同Ti、Ni和Cu元素含量的焊丝焊接TA2/Q235双金属复合板,电子背散射(electron back scatter diffraction,EBSD)结果表明,采用FeCoNiTi0.5和FeCoNi2Ti0.5焊丝获得的焊缝/钢基体界面附近区域生成了TiFe2 IMCs,而采用FeCoNi0.5Ti0.5和FeCoNiCu0.5焊丝能够减小接头的平均晶粒尺寸,这是由于晶界中生成的TiFe2 IMCs抑制了晶粒的生长,而焊丝中的高Ni含量导致焊接区的TiFe2 IMCs尺寸和数量减小。采用FeCoNiTi0.5焊丝(图4(b))时,TiFe2相为枝状晶,而FeCoNi2Ti0.5焊丝所得接头焊缝中的TiFe2呈针状分布,焊缝中接头力学性能提升,最大抗拉强度达到327 MPa。

3.1.3 残余应力

残余应力被认为是诱发裂纹萌生并限制接头力学性能的重要因素58。Hao等44研究了不同焊丝的TC4/304SS接头残余应力峰值及分布(图4(c)),可知焊丝类型显著影响接头中残余应力的分布。Cu基焊缝的纵向残余应力峰值(199 MPa)接近Cu基化合物的断裂强度(240 MPa),导致焊缝出现横向裂纹,而Ni基焊缝的纵向残余应力峰值(464 MPa)远小于Ni基化合物的断裂强度(≥760 MPa),抑制了焊缝中的横向裂纹,这表明采用Ni基焊丝可以抑制焊缝横向裂纹,显著缓解接头应力。

3.1.4 工艺改进

在板材对接电弧焊过程中,传统的单面焊接使得接头局部加热,沿板材厚度方向存在显著的温度梯度,导致接头背面加热不足,降低接头焊接质量59-60。为了解决这一难题,Cheng等54提出了TIG-MIG双面电弧焊工艺,其具有低热量输入与快冷却速度的优点,所获钛/钢接头成形良好(图4(d)),无Ti-Fe IMCs生成,接头抗拉强度达到278 MPa。在双面电弧焊工艺基础上,该团队探究了热输入量对钛/钢接头IMCs特性的影响61,在中等热输入条件下,不锈钢侧形成了熔融未分离区,在焊缝中呈岛状分布,使得界面抗拉阻力增加,裂纹扩散受阻,接头最大抗拉强度达到320 MPa;较高的热输入使得钛合金侧Ti、Cu基固溶体相增厚,不均匀的界面层导致裂纹快速扩展并发生断裂。

3.2 钛/钢CMT焊

CMT是一种无焊渣飞溅的新型焊接工艺技术,精确的数字控制送丝系统和低热量输入使其成为焊接薄壁材料和异种金属的理想选择62-63。Pardal等64采用CuSi3焊丝CMT焊接钛/钢异种金属,获得了最大抗拉强度200 MPa的接头。虽然在一定程度上消除了Ti-Fe IMCs,但Cu和Fe在室温下冶金不相容,Ti-Fe-Si IMCs的存在依旧对接头力学性能有害。在此基础上,吴鹏飞65研究了活性气体CO2对TC4/CuSi3/304L焊接接头微观组织的影响,结果表明,CO2的添加促进了TC4侧Ti5Si3+TiFe3相的生成,同时304L侧的Ti-Fe IMCs均匀分布在Fe-Cu混合相中,使得界面结构及性能得到改善。图5为不同工艺下的CMT焊接研究66-67。Mou等66采用三种不同的焊丝研究Ni含量对CMT焊接头微观组织和力学性能的影响。可以看出,仅使用Cu焊丝的情况下(图5(a)),不规则的Ti-Fe和Cu-Ti IMCs颗粒聚集分布在Cu晶界与304L母材附近,接头抗拉强度仅为185 MPa;焊丝中添加适量Ni后(图5(b)),由于Ni-Ti IMCs的形成焓低于Ti-Fe IMC的,熔池中的Ti与Ni优先结合生成Ni-Ti IMCs,Ti-Fe IMCs的形成得到有效抑制,接头获得最大抗拉强度(334 MPa);过高的Ni含量则使得TC4母材侧界面反应层厚度增加,不均匀的界面层导致强度降低(图5(c))。

Jin等68揭示了热输入量与TC4/CuSi3/304SS接头扩散动力学模型的对应关系,在热输入量低于0.783 kJ/cm时,界面反应提供驱动力,扩散模式为反应受限型扩散;随着热输入量的增加,Fe原子在液态Cu中的扩散提供扩散驱动力,扩散形式转变为扩散限制型扩散。该团队在改变热输入量的基础上,又引入外加磁场,获得了不同硬度与抗拉强度的接头,如图5(d),(e)所示67,结果表明,磁场对熔池的搅拌作用使得Cu-Ti和Cu-Fe IMCs均匀分布在延展性较好的铜金属层与铜/钢过渡区,提高了焊缝硬度。此外,外加磁场作用下,Ti-Cu反应区内连续的Ti2Cu+TiCu化合物层转变为形态清晰的多相混合层,其由颗粒状Ti2Cu、树枝状TiCu和少量针状Ti2Cu3组成,接头抗拉强度最高达到416 MPa,与不加外部磁场的接头相比提升了44%。

TIG焊凭借其成熟的工艺和较好的可控性,在焊丝材料开发及焊后热处理改善组织方面展示了独特的优势。CMT焊则利用其低热输入、低飞溅和优异的过程稳定性,在减小热影响区、控制界面反应层方面展现出独特优势。尽管两种工艺特性不同,但其核心目标一致:即通过焊丝设计和工艺优化(热输入控制、焊后处理)的协同作用,最大限度地抑制Ti-Fe IMCs的形成与生长,从而获得满足服役要求的可靠接头。

4 钛/钢电子束焊

电子束焊(electron beam welding,EBW)具有污染小、精度高、热影响区小、残余应力低等优点,对异质金属的焊接具有明显优势69-71。郭松涛等72采用电子束焊制备了TA2/Q235B复合板,界面处生成了较厚的TiC层以及TiFe IMCs,降低了接头强度。对于易生成IMCs的钛/钢异种金属接头,电子束焊接时需要采用添加过渡金属或偏移电子束的工艺方法73-74

中间层的选择同样要考虑与钛、铁母材的热适配性。Wang等71采用Ni、V和Cu中间层电子束焊钛/钢薄板,接头界面IMCs分别为Fe2Ti+Ni3Ti+NiTi2、TiFe和Cu2Ti+CuTi+CuTi2。结果表明,接头的抗拉强度主要与化合物层的韧性相关,韧性较好的Cu2Ti+CuTi+CuTi2界面接头能够最大程度防止裂纹的产生与扩展,抗拉强度最高为234 MPa。图6为采用不同中间层的接头组织形貌75-76。王亚荣等75通过在不锈钢上电镀Ag、Cu作为中间隔断层,获得了TC4/HR-2不锈钢异质接头,如图6(a)所示。Ag镀层焊接接头断口存在横纵交错的裂纹,间距大致相同,说明接头内部在横向和纵向上都存在较大焊接应力;Cu镀层接头断口只有垂直于焊缝的裂纹形成,且裂纹间距较大,说明Cu在一定程度上缓解了接头应力。Tomashchuk等73研究发现,在任何电子束偏移量下,钛合金侧都会形成含Ti的IMCs薄层,电子束偏移钢侧时,Ti元素的扩散受到熔融区IMCs所形成致密层的限制,在钢侧只有少量TiFe2形成,此时接头的抗拉强度最高达到350 MPa。

采用单一的金属中间层或者改变电子束偏移量,可以在一定程度上减少钛/钢接头中Ti-Fe IMCs的形成,但是难以克服接头脆性问题,所以有必要制备更适配的中间层77-79。Wang等76开发了一种V/Cu-V基复合中间层(图6(b)),获得了无缺陷的电子束焊接钛/钢接头,焊缝组织为Ti基固溶体/Cu基固溶体/V基固溶体/σ-FeV/Fe基固溶体,除了一层较薄的σ-FeV IMCs反应层外,其他IMCs基本被消除,接头抗拉强度达到395 MPa。该团队还充分利用电子束焊的灵活性和爆炸焊接头的高连接强度,开发了电子束焊和爆炸焊相结合的方式,获得了最大抗拉强度为418 MPa的焊接接头80,进一步推动了Ti/Fe异种接头的应用。但电子束设备昂贵,操作复杂,多用于高精尖领域和产品中,难以在实际应用中大面积普及,从而极大制约了其发展。

5 钛/钢熔化焊焊缝高熵化

由于Ti元素具有较强的高温活性,多数金属/非金属元素在高温下极易与Ti发生反应,形成不同的Ti基IMCs,包括Ti-Fe、Ti-Cu、Ti-Ni、Ti-Al、Ti-Si、Ti-C等二元IMCs和Ti-Al-Cu、Ti-Al-Ni、Ti-Cu-Si等三元IMCs。这些二元或多元IMCs一般具有较高的脆性,严重影响接头性能。调控熔化焊工艺可以改善IMCs的分布形态,但其不利影响依旧难以彻底消除;调控中间层材料有时可以消除原有的IMCs,然而新中间层材料的引入可导致其他IMCs生成;特殊中间层有时能够完全抑制钛/钢接头中IMCs的生成,但是焊接工艺难控,中间层材料不易获取,加工时间和成本大幅增加。因此,急切需要开发新型中间层材料或焊丝,攻克脆性IMCs对接头带来的不利影响这一难题。高熵合金具有热力学上的高熵效应、动力学上的迟滞扩散效应、结构上的晶格畸变效应、性能上的鸡尾酒效应,可以促进合金元素的融合,延缓IMCs形成,强化材料高温稳定性,提升合金强度和韧性,有利于实现钛/钢焊缝的高熵化,是解决钛/钢焊接的理想材料。

徐锦锋等81开展了钛/钢焊缝高熵化的研究,设计了用于钛/钢点焊的Ti-Fe-Cu-Ni-Al 多主元高熵合金中间层,形成的焊缝为bcc和fcc简单固溶体组织,接头剪切强度高达144 MPa,为钛/钢熔化焊焊缝高熵化提供了坚实的理论与技术支撑。Hao等36开发了用于钛/钢激光焊的(CoCrFeNi)100-x Cu x 高熵合金焊丝,钛母材侧依然形成了Ti基IMCs,但是由传统的Ti-Fe转变为高熵效应作用下的多元Ti(Fe, Co, Cr)2和Ti(Fe, Ni)2 IMCs与(Fe, Cr)固溶体相。Liu等53研发了含Ti的FeCoNiCuTi高熵合金中间层,显著改善钛/钢TIG接头中Ti-Fe IMCs的形态和晶粒尺寸,接头性能得到提升。翟秋亚等82依据焊缝金属高熵化思路,基于密度泛函理论的热力学第一性原理,将制备出的多主元Ti10Fe29Ni32Cu22V7合金作为焊材,用于TA2/0Cr18Ni9薄板的TIG 焊接,发现焊缝中心组织由等轴晶组成,熔合区以柱状晶为主,这些接头组织均具有简单立方固溶体结构,有效避免了TiFe2、TiFe 金属间化合物的形成,接头抗拉强度达到205 MPa。此外,翟秋亚等83以等摩尔比的Ta20Fe20Ni20Cr20Cu20合金为接头目标成分,依据焊接过程两种母材熔合比折合得到Ta8Ni30Cr20Cu42中间层合金,将其用于Ta1/0Cr18Ni9的储能焊连接,发现接头中以简单FCC固溶体为主相,接头平均抗剪强度为372 MPa。

可以看出,依据焊缝高熵化思想设计中间层或焊丝成分的思路完全可行。然而,如何根据钛/钢母材的具体成分定向设计高熵中间层合金体系与成分还需长期探索,焊接工艺与中间层如何精准匹配值得深入研究,接头焊缝与界面在焊接过程中的同步高熵化亟待解决。

6 结束语

熔化焊适用范围广、生产效率高,是钛/钢异种金属焊接的有效途径。但熔化焊在快速加热、熔化、凝固和热循环下,焊缝中会产生IMCs以及较大残余应力,降低接头性能。近年来,国内外学者对钛/钢熔化焊工艺进行了深入的研究,但依旧存在一些亟待解决的技术难题:(1)现有的熔化焊接方法和焊接工艺不能完全避免IMCs形成,接头性能不理想;(2)通过添加中间层材料的过渡连接方法,可以改善接头界面组织,实现良好的冶金结合,但是单一金属中间层对Ti-Fe IMCs的抑制作用有限,且会生成其他类别的IMCs;(3)多元复合中间层可以有效防止IMCs的形成,但是在不同的合金元素组成和加工条件下,接头的微观结构和力学性能差异较大,而且目前多金属复合中间层方案复杂,不利于大范围工程化推广;(4)现有研究过程可控性较低,实验结果不稳定,成果难以转化到实际工程应用中。

针对以上问题,钛/钢熔化焊今后的研究重点可以从以下4方面开展:(1)借助金属高熵合金化原理,寻求能够避免Ti-Fe IMCs性能稳定过渡的多种金属复合中间层,实现钛/钢熔化焊焊缝合金高熵化可靠连接;(2)结合机器学习算法预测IMCs生成趋势,优化焊接速度、热输入量、热源偏移量等参数,为实际焊接过程提供理论指导;(3)工艺协调,将熔化焊与爆炸焊、钎焊等工艺结合,充分发挥各自优势,同时利用声场、磁场以及热场等辅助手段扩大焊接工艺窗口,改善接头成形并调控界面微观组织,提升接头性能;(4)研究可控性更高的熔焊工艺,降低焊接质量对工艺参数、装配精度以及接头形式的依赖性,促进研究成果向实际工程应用的转化。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52305355)

中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M743244)

高性能新型焊接材料全国重点实验室开放课题(SKLABFMT-2023-01)

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