贵州三都县各灯洞洞穴环境因子对动物群落结构的影响

The influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of animal communities in caves of Gedeng Cave in Sandu County

摘要

为探明三都县各灯洞1、2号洞穴主要环境因子对动物群落空间分布的影响,通过实地采集动物标本及土壤样本,测定空气温湿度与CO、CO₂、O₂、SO₂共4种气体含量,并运用系统分析、地质累积指数、典型相关分析等方法开展研究。结果表明,弱光带物种数与群落多样性最高,黑暗带个体数最少,根据不同光带内的优势种,将各灯洞1、2号洞穴的动物群落按光带划分为6个不同的群落。2个洞穴群落的多样性、丰富度与物种数表现为弱光带大于有光带,动物群落多样性与CO₂ 的含量相关性不显著,但各灯洞1的甲壳纲、倍足纲和各灯洞2的蛛形纲、昆虫纲、倍足纲与腹足纲动物群落在空间分布上与CO₂呈负相关。从污染指数等级来看,Cd污染指数为5级;Hg在各灯洞2黑暗带污染指数为5级,其余光带污染指数为4级;Mn在各灯洞1有光带与弱光带污染指数为3级,在其他光带污染指数均为2级;Zn与Pb污染指数为1级。结论:湿度与Hg是对各灯洞1动物群落造成影响的主要因子,CO与H₂S是影响各灯洞2群落结构的主要环境因子。从测试的数据分析,Hg、Cd 是2个洞穴污染的主要金属元素。研究结果为洞穴生物多样性保护提供科学参考依据。

Abstract

To explore the influence of major environmental factors on the spatial distribution of animal communities in cave 1 and 2 of Gedeng Cave in Sandu County,this study collected animal specimens and soil samples in the field,measured air temperature,humidity and the contents of four gases including CO,CO₂,O₂ and SO₂,and conducted research by combining methods such as systematic analysis,geo-accumulation index and canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that the species number and community diversity were the highest in the low-light zone,while the individual number was the least in the dark zone.Based on the dominant species in different light zones,the animal communities in cave 1 and 2 of Gedeng Cave were divided into 6 distinct communities according to light zones.The community diversity,richness and species number of the two caves were all higher in the low-light zone than that in the light zone.There was no significant correlation between the animal community diversity of the two caves and CO₂ content,but the spatial distribution of Crustacea and Diplopoda in cave 1,as well as arachnida,insecta,diplopoda and gastropoda in cave 2 were negatively correlated with CO₂.The pollution assessment indicated that the pollution index of Cd was grade 5; the pollution index of Hg was grade 5 in the dark zone of cave 2,and grade 4 in other light zones; the pollution index of Mn was grade 3 in the light zone and low-light zone of cave 1,and grade 2 in other light zones; the pollution indices of Zn and Pb were both grade 1.In conclusion,humidity and Hg were the main factors affecting the animal community in cave 1,while CO and H₂ S were the key environmental factors influencing the community structure of cave 2. Based on the analyzed data,Hg and Cd were the main polluting metal elements in the two caves. The research results provide a scientific reference for the conservation of cave biodiversity.

关键词

洞穴动物 / 群落结构 / 环境因子 / 重金属污染

Key words

cave animals / community structure / environmental factors / heavy metal pollution

[1] Mammola S,Chiappetta N,Giachino P M,et al.Exploring the homogeneity of terrestrial subterranean communities at a local spatial scale[J].Ecological Entomology,2020,45(5):1053-1062.
[2] Zhu Haizhen,Jiang Chengying,Liu Shuangjiang.Microbial roles in cave biogeochemical cycling[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2022,13:950005-950015.
[3] Cardoso R,Ferreira R,Souza-Silva M .Multi-spatial analysis on cave ecosystems to predict the diversity of subterranean invertebrates[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2022,65:111-122.
[4] 徐承香,柳希竹,张思强,等.贵州万山黄石洞和四方洞陆生动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].安徽农学通报,2021,27(14):39-45.
[5] 陈建秀,张崇洲.贵州穴居倍足类雕背带马陆属一新种(带马陆目:带马陆科)[J].动物分类学报,1990,15(4):406-409.
[6] 黎道洪,罗蓉,宋锡章.贵州龙天洞和郑家大洞内软体动物,节肢动物和脊索动物群落的比较研究[J].中国岩溶,1999,18(1):81-89.
[7] 杨卫诚,黎道洪,舒田,等.贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特地区洞穴动物资源调查[J].贵州农业科学,2013,41(12):199-203.
[8] 韦业旺,刘森,王丰,等.洞穴的农业综合利用研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(34):12229-12231.
[9] 李兰.喀斯特洞穴利用方式分类研究[J].毕节学院学报,2007(4):100-104.
[10] 贺卫,李坡.贵州喀斯特洞穴资源特征及开发利用[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,34(3):1-6.
[11] 徐承香,李子忠,黎道洪.贵州织金洞洞穴动物群落多样性与光照强度及土壤重金属含量的关系[J].生物多样性,2013,21(1):62-70.
[12] 张思强,杜维锋,徐承香,等.贵州仙家洞和忆苦洞洞穴动物群落多样性及其环境因子的影响[J].生态学杂志,2022,41(1):132-141.
[13] 陶红梅,杨卫诚,温清.洞穴环境因子对动物群落结构的影响:以贵州松桃神女洞为例[J].动物学杂志,2018,53(6):899-909.
[14] Zepon T,Bichuette M E.Influence of substrate on the richness and composition of Neotropical cave fauna[J].Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cie ncias,2017,89(3):1615-1628.
[15] Nagy Z L,Postawa T.Seasonal and geographical distribution of cave-dwelling bats in Romania:implications for conservation[J].Animal Conservation,2011,14(1):74-86.
[16] Pipan T,Christman M C,Culver D C.Dynamics of epikarst communities:microgeographic pattern and environmental determinants of epikarst copepods in organ cave,West Virginia[J].The American Midland Naturalist,2006,156(1):75-87.
[17] 苏晓梅,黎道洪,杨卫诚.贵州紫烟洞和莲花洞动物群落结构及环境因子的影响[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(12):1981-1987.
[18] 黎道洪.贵州波多洞和甲良洞内部分环境因子与动物群落结构的相关性[J].生态学报,2007,27(6):2167-2176.
[19] 杨卫诚,黎道洪,苏晓梅.贵州紫云洞和樱桃洞洞内动物的群落结构与洞穴环境关系初步研究[J].四川动物,2007,26(4):738-745.
[20] 杨卫诚,黎道洪,徐承香.广西大岩洞和岩头2号洞洞穴动物群落结构及其与环境因子关系分析[J].四川动物,2013,32(3):442-448.
[21] 杨卫诚,黎道洪,杨慧.贵州倒马坎洞洞穴动物对土壤及水体重金属的富集[J].贵州农业科学,2013,41(10):200-203.
[22] 徐承香,黎道洪,李子忠.贵州仙人洞土壤和水体中重金属含量及裸灶螽对重金属的富集[J].贵州农业科学,2012,40(9):101-105.
[23] 晏翰林,徐承香,巴家文,等.贵州荔波喀斯特洞穴鱼体重金属含量及食用健康风险评价[J].淡水渔业,2019,49(6):107-112.
[24] 晏翰林.贵州荔波喀斯特洞穴鱼类和水体重金属含量的初步研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2019.
[25] 杨卫诚.广西大岩洞、岩头2号洞洞穴动物的生态学研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2008.
[26] 张凯龙,刘宇航,童浩杰,等.贵南沙蜥洞穴空间分布与昆虫资源分布特征的关系[J].生态学报,2017,37(16):5550-5555.
[27] 李金城,尹仁湛,罗亚平,等.广西大新锰矿区土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(7):183-185.
[28] 温清,杨卫诚,陶红梅,等.贵州省松桃县锰矿区洞穴动物群落结构与环境因子的关系[J].生态学报,2018,38(10):3718-3728.
[29] 黎道洪,罗蓉.贵州和尚洞不同光带内软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物的多样性及分布研究[J].中国岩溶,1999,18(2):43-49.
[30] 黎道洪,罗蓉,陈浒.贵州大洞口内若干动物群落研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(1):126-130.
[31] 杨卫诚,彭涛,梁云,等.贵州黎山坪洞洞穴动物群落结构与部分环境因子研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然版),2015,33(4):37-42.
[32] 张广,杨卫诚,梁云,等.贵州白云岩喀斯特洞穴动物群落结构及其与环境因子关系研究[J].四川动物,2015,34(3):375-382.
[33] 徐承香,李子忠,黎道洪.喀斯特洞穴动物与部分生态环境因子的关系[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(6):1081-1084.
[34] 赵勇,沈伟,张宏福.大气微粒氨气和硫化氢影响动物繁殖机能和生产性能的研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(4):132-138.
[35] 张俊,黎道洪,徐承香,等.贵州冷热洞、白龙洞和龙井洞环境质量及生态风险初步评价[J].湖南农业科学,2016(9):48-52.
[36] 王云.土壤环境元素化学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[37] 蔡立梅,马瑾,周永章,等.东莞市农业土壤重金属的空间分布特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2008(12):3496-3502.
[38] 叶子郯,黎道洪.贵州屯上洞洞穴动物对5种重金属富集的研究[J].四川动物,2011,30(3):372-376.
[39] 杨卫诚,黎道洪.广西大岩洞洞穴动物体与环境中重金属含量关系[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(8):1554-1558.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金委员会-贵州省人民政府喀斯特科学研究中心项目(U1812401);国家自然科学基金项目(30560024);贵州省科技成果应用及产业化项目(黔科合成果[2020]1Y054)