Addressing the issue of autonomous vehicles’ instability on icy and snowy roads, an improved rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) path planning algorithm is proposed. Firstly, a dynamic model introducing road adhesion coefficient on icy and snowy roads is established. Secondly, the global target deflection sampling combined with the front pointing and steering angle of the vehicle, combined with the collision avoidance detection and the maximum curvature constraint under the velocity-adhesion coefficient, is used to improve the traditional RRT algorithm problem.Finally, a double quintic polynomial is used for path smoothing to ensure stability, brake constraints, and comfort. The performance of the improved algorithm RRT is compared with that of the traditional algorithm under multi-scenario conditions through the joint simulation of MATLAB-Simulink and CarSim. The experiments show that the improved RRT algorithm significantly improves the path smoothness, reduces the curvature mutation, has short time, high success rate and good stability when driving on ice and snow.
DijkstraE W. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs[M]//Edsger Wybe Dijkstra. New York: ACM, 2022.
[2]
HartP E, NilssonN J, RaphaelB. A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, 1968, 4(2): 100-107.
[3]
ChiW Z, DingZ Y, WangJ K,et al. A generalized Voronoi diagram-based efficient heuristic path planning method for RRTs in mobile robots[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2022, 69(5): 4926-4937.
[4]
WangJ K, ChiW Z, LiC M, et al. Efficient robot motion planning using bidirectional-unidirectional RRT extend function[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2022, 19(3): 1859-1868.
[5]
HauserK.Lazy collision checking in asymptotically-optimal motion planning[C]//IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation(ICRA). Seattle, 2015: 2951-2957.
[6]
LaiT, MorereP, RamosF, et al. Bayesian local sampling-based planning[J]. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2020, 5(2): 1954-1961.
[7]
KaramanS, FrazzoliE. Sampling-based algorithms for optimal motion planning[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2011, 30(7): 846-894.
[8]
SongQ, ZhaoQ L, WangS X, et al. Dynamic path planning for unmanned vehicles based on fuzzy logic and improved ant colony optimization[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 62107-62115.
[9]
LiR H, ChangY L, WangZ C. Study of optimal allocation of water resources in Dujiangyan irrigation district of China based on an improved genetic algorithm[J]. Water Supply, 2021, 21(6): 2989-2999.
ShaoQi, ShiWei-guo. Research on robot path planning based on improved ant colony algorithm[J]. Modern Manufacturing Engineering, 2023(6): 46-51.
[12]
YuZ H, SiZ J, LiX B, et al. A novel hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for path planning of UAVs[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(22): 22547-22558.
[13]
La ValleS M, KuffnerJ J. Randomized kinodynamic planning[C]// IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Detroit: 1999: 473-479.
SongJin-ze, DaiBin, ShanEn-zhong, et al. An improved RRT path planning algorithm[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2010, 38(2A): 225-228.
[16]
ChangX F, WangY Z, YiX D, et al. SARRT: a structure-aware RRT-based approach for 2D path planning[C]//IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics. Zhuhai, 2015: 1698-1703.
[17]
KuffnerJ J, LaValleS M. RRT-connect: an efficient approach to single-query path planning[C]//IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. San Francisco, 2000: 995-1001.
[18]
BlancoJ L, BelloneM, Gimenez-FernandezA. TP-space RRT-kinematic path planning of non-holonomic any-shape vehicles[J]. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 2015, 12(5): 55.
[19]
GhoshD, NandakumarG, NarayananK, et al. Kinematic constraints based Bi-directional RRT(KB-RRT) with parameterized trajectories for robot path planning in cluttered environment[C]//2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Montreal. 2019: 8627-8633.
MaoDing-ding, DengYa-dong. Research on trajectory tracking and stability control of 4WS intelligent vehicle[J]. Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering, 2020, 39(7): 1094-1099.
[22]
BakkerE, NyborgL, PacejkaH B. Tyre modelling for use in vehicle dynamics studies[J/OL]. SAE Transactions, 1987: 190-204[2022-11-11].
ZhengXiang-mei, GaoXing-wang, ZhaoZhi-zhong. Simulation analysis of tire dynamic based on “magic formula”[J]. Machinery & Electronics, 2012, 30(9): 16-20.
[25]
王中阳.冰雪路面下智能车辆自主换道决策规划与控制研究[D]. 淄博:山东理工大学,2020.
[26]
WangZhong-yang. Research on decision planning and control of autonomous lane change of intelligent vehicle on ice snow road[D]. Zibo:Shandong University of Technology, 2020.
Highway Bureau of Ministry of Transportation and Communications, CCCCFirst Highway Survey and Design Institute Co. Technical standard for highway engineering: JTG B01—2014 [S]. Beijing: People’s Transportation Press, 2015.
[29]
SongX G, FanX, CaoZ Q, et al. A TC-RRT-based path planning algorithm for the nonholonomic mobile robots[C]//Chinese Control Conference. Dalian, 2017: 6638-6643.
[30]
ZhouJ, ZhengH Y, WangJ M, et al. Multiobjective optimization of lane-changing strategy for intelligent vehicles in complex driving environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 69(2): 1291-1308.
GongGuo-zheng, ZhengShao-wu, ZhongSi-qi, et al. Research on path planning algorithm of driverless race car based on predictive model[J]. Automobile Technology, 2022(7): 32-41.