To reveal the deformation and damage mechanism of rock in cold region rock engineering under freeze-thaw cycles, the porosity changes and macroscopic strength mechanical properties of saturated sandstone were analyzed through laboratory freeze-thaw cycle tests, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. A coupled temperature, permeability, stress, and damage model for saturated rock under freeze-thaw cycles was developed and validated. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the porosity variation and damage evolution in saturated sandstone subjected to different freeze-thaw cycles. The results indicate that as freeze-thaw cycles increase, the porosity growth rate of sandstone increases, while the uniaxial compressive strength decreases, and the rate of strength reduction gradually accelerates. The changes in pore size and quantity lead to deterioration in the strength of sandstone. Freeze-thaw-induced damage in sandstone arises from the combined effects of freeze-thaw cycles and loading, with the damage variable eventually approaching 1 as strain increases. The findings offer theoretical insights and experimental data for understanding the mechanical characteristics of rocks in cold regions.
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