Objective This study analyzes the erosion control and sediment retention benefits of soil and water conservation measures in small watersheds under extreme rainstorm conditions, aiming to provide scientific support for soil erosion evaluation and optimization of soil and water conservation measures. Methods Focusing on the “8 · 9” extreme rainstorm in 2024 in Jizhou District, Tianjin, two typical small watersheds-Xidayu and Zhuangguoyu-were selected. The Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) model was used to calculate the soil erosion modulus under the typical rainstorms, analyze its spatial distribution characteristics, and compare the differences in soil erosion between the two watersheds and their driving factors. Results The average soil erosion modulus in Zhuangguoyu reached 1 626.64 t/km2, 3.5 times higher than that in Xidayu (466.09 t/km2), with severe erosion areas accounting for 57% (compared to 23% in Xidayu). Soil erosion in both watersheds primarily occurred on forestland and cropland, but slope cropland erosion was more severe in Zhuangguoyu. In Xidayu, a combination of “terrace+check dam+forestland” reduced soil erosion by 42%, while in Zhuangguoyu, where terraces were the main measure, the reduction was only 17%. Conclusion The combined implementation of measures enhances soil and water conservation benefits by more than twofold compared to single measures. Given the severe erosion hazards caused by extreme rainstorms, it is recommended to establish a flood control and disaster mitigation technical system for small watersheds to improve their storage and discharge coordination capacity.
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