超声监测动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者血流动力学与肾实质弹性值预测肾功能预后的价值

杨翠英 ,  谢迎新 ,  刘晓伟 ,  张冬青 ,  赵雅培 ,  薛丽丽

河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1) : 57 -65.

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河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1) : 57 -65. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.01.009
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超声监测动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者血流动力学与肾实质弹性值预测肾功能预后的价值

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Value of ultrasonographic monitoring the hemodynamics and renal parenchymal elasticity in predicting the prognosis of renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

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摘要

目的 探讨超声监测动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis,ARAS)患者血流动力学与肾实质弹性值预测肾功能预后的价值。 方法 选取2021年1月—2022年12月河北医科大学第二医院鹿泉院区收治的ARAS患者204例,均行肾动脉狭窄介入术治疗,术前、术后1周行彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)及声脉冲辐射弹性成像(acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI)检查,术后随访12个月,根据肾功能预后分为预后良好组与预后不良组。比较2组临床资料及术前、术后1周超声血流动力学参数[肾动脉流速峰值(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、阻力指数(resistive index,RI)、肾动脉与腹主动脉流速比值(renal-to-aortic ratio,RAR)、肾动脉与叶间动脉流速比值(renal-to-interlobar ratio,RIR)]、肾实质弹性值[剪切波传播速度(shear wave velocity,SWV)值]、变化率(Δ%);点二列相关系数分析各参数变化率与肾功能预后的相关性;Logistic回归分析确定各参数变化率对肾功能预后的影响,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),分析各参数变化率对肾功能预后的预测价值。 结果 预后不良组肾动脉狭窄程度为重度占比(77.05%)、术前收缩压[(140.16±13.85)mmHg]、舒张压[(83.67±5.71)mmHg],高于预后良好组[60.00%、(128.75±11.07)mmHg、(76.28±5.28)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1周,预后不良组和预后良好组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值[预后不良组:(115.68±36.13)cm/s、(0.66±0.04)、(1.85±0.62)、(2.58±0.83)、(3.49±0.67)m/s;预后良好组(76.13±25.48)cm/s、(0.62±0.02)、(1.31±0.49)、(1.72±0.51)、(2.82±0.53)m/s]低于术前[预后不良组:(281.43±33.43)cm/s、(0.78±0.05)、(4.46±0.61)、(8.64±1.18)、(4.75±1.02)m/s;预后良好组:(252.36±24.12)cm/s、(0.75±0.04)、(4.02±0.48)、(7.26±0.75)、(4.06±0.94)m/s],预后不良组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。预后不良组肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%[(58.90±10.23)、(15.38±1.52)、(58.52±7.88)、(70.14±5.31)、(26.53±3.76)]低于预后良好组[(69.83±14.06)、(17.33±2.18)、(67.41±9.39)、(76.31±6.57)、(30.54±4.05)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。点二列相关性分析显示,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%与肾功能预后不良风险呈负相关(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,平衡处理混杂因素后,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%是ARAS患者肾功能预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC分析显示,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%预测ARAS患者肾功能预后的AUC分别为0.761、0.730、0.776、0.781、0.749,联合预测的AUC为0.904,显著高于各参数单独预测价值(Z=3.661、3.839、2.982、3.048、3.578,均P<0.05)。 结论 超声血流动力学参数及肾实质弹性值变化率均是ARAS患者介入术后肾功能预后的独立影响因素,联合应用对肾功能预后不良具有一定预测价值,可作为临床预测术后肾功能的新型方案,从而可指导临床决策。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasonographic monitoring of hemodynamics and renal parenchymal elasticity in predicting the prognosis of renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS). Methods A total of 204 patients with ARAS admitted to Luquan Branch of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2021 to December 2022 were selected. All patients underwent interventional therapy for renal artery stenosis. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) were performed before and at 1 week after operation. The patients were followed up for 12 months. According to the prognosis of renal function, they were divided into good prognosis group and poor prognosis group. The clinical data and ultrasonic hemodynamic parameters [peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), renal-to-aortic ratio (RAR), renal-to-interlobar ratio (RIR)], renal parenchymal elasticity [shear wave velocity (SWV)] and change rate (Δ%) were compared between the two groups before and at 1 week after operation. The correlation between the change rate of each parameter and the prognosis of renal function was analyzed by point-biserial correlation coefficient. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the change rate of each parameter on the prognosis of renal function. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to analyze the predictive value of the change rate of each parameter for the prognosis of renal function. Results The proportion of severe renal artery stenosis (77.05%), preoperative systolic blood pressure [(140.16±13.85) mmHg] and diastolic blood pressure [(83.67±5.71) mmHg] in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group [60.00%, (128.75±11.07) mmHg, (76.28±5.28) mmHg], showing significant differences (P<0.05). The renal artery PSV, RI, RAR, RIR and renal parenchymal SWV values at 1 week after operation [the poor prognosis group: (115.68±36.13) cm/s, (0.66±0.04), (1.85±0.62), (2.58±0.83), (3.49±0.67) m/s; the good prognosis group: (76.13±25.48) cm/s, (0.62±0.02), (1.31±0.49), (1.72±0.51), (2.82±0.53) m/s] were lower than those before operation [the poor prognosis group: (281.43±33.43) cm/s, (0.78±0.05), (4.46±0.61), (8.64±1.18), (4.75±1.02) m/s; the good prognosis group: (252.36±24.12) cm/s, (0.75±0.04), (4.02±0.48), (7.26±0.75), (4.06±0.94) m/s], while the renal artery PSV, RI, RAR, RIR and renal parenchymal SWV values in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group, showing significant differences (P<0.05). The renal artery PSVΔ%, RIΔ%, RARΔ%, RIRΔ% and renal parenchymal SWVΔ% in the poor prognosis group [(58.90±10.23), (15.38±1.52), (58.52±7.88), (70.14±5.31), (26.53±3.76)] were lower than those in the good prognosis group [(69.83±14.06), (17.33±2.18), (67.41±9.39), (76.31±6.57), (30.54±4.05)], showing significant differences (P<0.05). Point-biserial correlation analysis showed that renal artery PSVΔ%, RIΔ%, RARΔ%, RIRΔ%, and renal parenchymal SWV value Δ% were negatively correlated with the risk of poor prognosis of renal function (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that after adjusting for confounding factors, renal artery PSVΔ%, RIΔ%, RARΔ%, RIRΔ%, and renal parenchymal SWV value Δ% were independent factors affecting the renal function prognosis of ARAS patients (P<0.05). ROC analysis revealed that the AUC for predicting renal function prognosis in ARAS patients using renal artery PSVΔ%, RIΔ%, RARΔ%, RIRΔ%, and renal parenchymal SWV value Δ% was 0.761, 0.730, 0.776, 0.781, and 0.749, respectively. The AUC of combined detection was 0.904, significantly higher than the predictive values of each parameter (Z=3.661, 3.839, 2.982, 3.048, 3.578, all P<0.05). Conclusion Both ultrasonic hemodynamic parameters and the change rate of renal parenchymal elasticity are independent factors influencing the prognosis of renal function in patients with ARAS after intervention. The combined application of these parameters has certain predictive value for poor renal function prognosis and can serve as a novel clinical approach for predicting postoperative renal function, thereby guiding clinical decision-making.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肾动脉梗阻 / 动脉粥样硬化 / 超声检查 / 预后

Key words

renal artery obstruction / atherosclerosis / ultrasonography / prognosis

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杨翠英,谢迎新,刘晓伟,张冬青,赵雅培,薛丽丽. 超声监测动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者血流动力学与肾实质弹性值预测肾功能预后的价值[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2026, 47(1): 57-65 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.01.009

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肾动脉狭窄介入术因具有微创、风险低、术后恢复快等优势,已成为动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis,ARAS)重要干预手段,但由于疾病异质性及患者个体差异,部分患者术后可能出现肾功能恶化,并进展为终末期肾病,预后不良1-3。因此,早期预测ARAS患者肾动脉狭窄介入术后肾功能预后情况,指导临床实施个性化防控措施,对改善术后肾功能、降低肾功能恶化发生率具有重要意义。当前临床多依赖于肾动脉造影及血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)评估肾功能,但肾动脉造影属有创操作,且难以动态检测,而SCr、GFR评估肾功能损伤具有一定滞后性,均无法实现对肾功能预后的早期预测4-6。超声是肾脏检查常用技术,彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)可清晰显示肾脏形态及血流动力学改变,声脉冲辐射弹性成像(acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI)以超声为基础,可通过剪切波传播速度(shear wave velocity,SWV)定量分析肾实质弹性特征,均可为ARAS患者早期、无创肾功能评估提供更多依据7-10。但既往学者多注重CDFI或ARFI单一参数在ARAS患者肾功能中的应用,但ARAS肾功能恶化是肾实质结构改变及血流动力学障碍协同作用的结果,因此,本研究尝试性分析超声血流动力学参数、肾实质弹性值变化率对ARAS患者介入术后肾功能预后的预测价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2021年1月—2022年12月河北医科大学第二医院鹿泉院区收治的ARAS患者204例,均行肾动脉狭窄介入术治疗,于术前、术后1周行CDFI及ARFI检查,术后随访12个月,根据肾功能预后分为预后良好组与预后不良组。纳入标准:①均经临床确诊为ARAS,单侧发病;②符合介入术适应证,并接受介入术治疗;③对本研究方案风险及获益知情同意。排除标准:①影像学图像清晰度较差,影响临床诊断;②伴精神、心理疾病史,难以配合相关检查及治疗;③伴恶性病变;④伴自身免疫缺陷;⑤伴其他重要脏器功能不全;⑥伴凝血障碍;⑦合并艾滋病等严重感染性疾病;⑧先天性肾动脉发育不全或畸形;⑨有肾切除手术史;⑩伴其他可引起肾功能损伤疾病。脱落标准:①随访期间失联、突发其他重大疾病或意外死亡;②术后未遵医嘱用药及复查;③中途自行退出者。

本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准通过(批准文号:2020-R078)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 资料收集

由2位研究组成员共同查阅医院电子病案系统,采集临床资料:性别、年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病、冠心病、肾动脉狭窄程度(中度、重度)及术前指标[收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、SCr、GFR]。所有数据录入及核对均采用双人形式,以保障数据真实可靠。

1.2.2 超声检查

使用AUCSON S2000型超声成像诊断仪(西门子公司),嘱患者保持仰卧位,设置探头频率4.0 MHz,扫描肾脏各个切面,观察双肾大小、形态及内部结构,自肾门处肾主动脉至腹主动脉的肾动脉起始部进行CDFI平扫,测量、计算肾动脉流速峰值(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、阻力指数(resistive index,RI)、肾动脉与腹主动脉流速比值(renal-to-aortic ratio,RAR)、肾动脉与叶间动脉流速比值(renal-to-interlobar ratio,RIR)等血流动力学参数。切换至ARFI模式,嘱患者屏息,自肾脏冠状长轴切面、垂直位取中部扫描,发射纵向低频剪切波,启动声触诊组织定量技术,于肾髓质、皮质及肾窦勾画感兴趣区,自动获取SWV值。所有患者均测量3次,取平均值。所有CDFI、ARFI检查均由我院2位5年以上临床经验超声科医师采用双盲法共同完成,对有争议病例,需协商后给出一致结果。于介入术前、术后1周进行CDFI检查,变化率=(术前数值―术后1周数值)/术前数值×100%。

1.2.3 肾动脉狭窄程度判定标准

根据《肾动脉狭窄的诊断和处理中国专家共识》11判断肾动脉狭窄程度:①轻度,肾动脉狭窄率≤50%;②中度,肾动脉狭窄率在50%~70%范围;③重度,肾动脉狭窄率在71%~99%范围。

1.2.4 随访及预后评估

自术后第1天起,以门诊回访为主要形式,所有患者均随访12个月,详细记录患者肾功能情况,以到达随访截止时间或发生肾功能恶化为终点事件。以SCr下降≥16.7 μmol/L为肾功能改善,以SCr水平波动<16.7 μmol/L为肾功能稳定,以SCr升高≥16.7 μmol/L为肾功能恶化。将肾功能改善、稳定患者纳入预后良好组,将肾功能恶化患者纳入预后不良组。

1.3 观察指标

①比较2组临床资料及术前、术后1周超声血流动力学参数、肾实质弹性值、变化率(Δ%);②分析超声血流动力学参数、肾实质弹性值变化率与肾功能预后的相关性;③分析超声血流动力学参数、肾实质弹性值变化率对肾功能预后的影响;④分析超声血流动力学参数、肾实质弹性值变化率对肾功能预后的预测价值。

1.4 统计学方法

应用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行数据分析。计数资料比较采用χ2检验;计量资料比较采用独立样本t检验和配对t检验;相关性采用点二列相关系数分析;Logistic回归分析确定肾功能预后的影响因素;绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),分析预测价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 2组临床资料比较

204例患者术后随访12个月,失访3例,根据肾功能情况 分为肾功能预后良好140例和肾功能预后不良61例。预后不良组肾动脉狭窄程度、术前SBP、DBP高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);预后不良组与预后良好组性别、年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病、冠心病、术前SCr、GFR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

2.2 2组手术前后超声血流动力学参数、肾实质SWV值比较

术前,2组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1周,2组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值均低于术前,预后不良组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。典型病例手术前后CDFI血流频谱和肾实质SWV值影像学表现见图1图2

2.3 2组超声血流动力学参数、肾实质SWV值变化率

预后不良组肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%低于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3

2.4 超声血流动力学参数、肾实质SWV值变化率与肾功能预后不良风险的关系

点二列相关性分析显示,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%与肾功能预后不良风险呈负相关(P<0.05),见表4

2.5 超声血流动力学参数、肾实质SWV值变化率对肾功能预后的影响

以ARAS患者肾功能预后(预后良好=0,预后不良=1)作为因变量,将2组间P<0.05的因素采用逐步回归分析法筛选,以肾动脉狭窄程度(中度=1,重度=2)、肾动脉PSVΔ%(连续变量)、RIΔ%(连续变量)、RARΔ%(连续变量)、RIRΔ%(连续变量)、肾实质SWV值Δ%(连续变量)作为自变量,进行Logistic回归分析结果显示,重度肾动脉狭窄、肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%是ARAS患者肾功能预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05);之后采用倾向性评分匹配法将肾动脉狭窄程度进行平衡处理,结果显示,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%是ARAS患者肾功能预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05),见表5

2.6 超声血流动力学参数、肾实质SWV值变化率对肾功能预后的预测价值

以预后不良组作为阳性数据集,预后良好组作为阴性数据集,绘制ROC曲线,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%预测ARAS患者肾功能预后的AUC分别为0.761、0.730、0.776、0.781、0.749;根据Logistic回归模型2构建联合预测模型[Log(P)=1.417―0.332×肾动脉PSVΔ%―0.361×肾动脉RIΔ%―0.409×RARΔ%―0.456×RIRΔ%―0.393×肾实质SWV值Δ%],预测ARAS患者肾功能预后的AUC为0.904,显著高于各参数单独预测价值(Z=3.661、3.839、2.982、3.048、3.578,均P<0.05),见表6图3

3 结 论

近年来ARAS发病率呈逐年升高趋势,随着介入技术的不断发展,肾动脉狭窄介入术在临床中的应用也越来越广泛12-16。肾动脉狭窄介入术后具有一定肾功能恶化风险,本研究ARAS患者成功完成随访共203例,介入术12个月后肾功能预后不良发生率达30.35%,由此可见,加强术后肾功能预后不良的防治工作已极为必要。故探寻无创、敏感、客观指标,辅助临床早期识别术后肾功能预后不良高风险人群,以指导医师制定更合理治疗方案,降低肾功能恶化发生率。

超声是当前临床肾脏检查中的常用无创手段,其中,CDFI通过清晰呈现血管结构及血流动力学改变,可较准确识别肾动脉狭窄、栓塞等,并指导介入决策,但对肾实质结构细微改变存在一定评估盲区,而ARFI通过对肾实质组织弹性进行量化分析,弥补了这一缺陷17-21。本研究结果显示,预后不良组肾动脉PSV、RI、RAR、RIR、肾实质SWV值及各参数变化率均高于预后良好组,且2组术后1周各参数值较术前均呈下降趋势,提示超声肾动脉血流动力学及肾实质SWV值与肾功能预后具有紧密。李笑天等22和刘金苹等23研究存在类似观点。PSV可提示肾动脉主干血流动力学状态,若介入术后支架内残余狭窄或再次狭窄,可致使肾小球灌注不足,灌注压下降,PSV升高,且斑块局部处于慢性炎症状态,亦可刺激血管内膜增生,进一步加重狭窄程度及灌注不足,PSV可持续升高,肾功能逐步恶化,而此类患者肾内微循环障碍亦呈逐渐加重状态,长期供血不足造成肾小球微动脉发生玻璃样变,出球微动脉代偿性收缩,血流阻力增加,RI升高24-29。Barone等30研究指出,RI增加与术后肾功能恶化风险独立相关。术前2组RAR均较高,提示肾动脉病变处存在明显血流加速,预后不良患者术后1周RAR有所下降,但仍处于相对较高水平,推测可能存在湍流或支架未能完全覆盖狭窄段,引起血管走行迂曲,影响肾动脉灌注压,进而导致肾功能逐渐恶化31-32;肾功能预后不良患者RIR较高,手术前后变化率较小,提示肾动脉主干PSV较高或夜间动脉PSV较低,可反映血自肾动脉主干向肾内分支的传递效应下降,血流代偿功能减弱,肾功能下降33-34。SWV升高主要反映肾间质纤维化,究其原因可能是,部分患者术后出现局部缺血再灌注损伤,促炎因子分泌增加,激活成纤维细胞,并致使胶原沉积,且手术前后SWV变化率相对较小,亦可提示肾小球滤过功能进行性下降,治疗反应性较差,肾功能恶化概率较高35-37。进一步数据分析显示,肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%与ARAS患者肾功能预后不良风险均呈负相关,且各参数变化率均与肾功能预后独立相关,再次印证了上述结论。谌典等38可为本研究观点提供参考依据。

基于上述结果,为进一步了解血流动力学与肾实质弹性值预测对ARAS患者介入术后肾功能预后的预测价值,本研究通过绘制ROC曲线,发现肾动脉PSVΔ%、RIΔ%、RARΔ%、RIRΔ%、肾实质SWV值Δ%均对肾功能预后不良具有一定预测效能,且联合预测效能更高,可作为临床预测术后肾功能预后的新型方案。与肾动脉造影等影像学检查相比,超声具有无创、无造影剂肾毒性风险、操作简单、费用低、可重复性高等多种优势,建议临床重视接受ARAS患者介入手术前后血流动力学与肾实质弹性值变化情况,有助于早期识别肾功能预后不良高危人群,从而指导临床选择更合理、个性化干预方案,对降低术后肾功能恶化发生率极为重要。

综上所述,超声血流动力学参数及肾实质弹性值变化率均与ARAS患者介入术后肾功能预后不良独立相关,联合应用对肾功能预后不良具有一定预测价值,可为临床预测术后肾功能提供可靠参考。本研究局限于单中心选例,难以避免存在数据偏激,且随访时间较短,结果可靠性及外推性可能受到一定影响,未来有待开展多中心选例并延长随访时间,进一步验证本研究结果。

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河北省医学科学研究课题计划项目(20200965)

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