星状神经节阻滞对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术患者术后胃肠功能恢复的影响

包曼云 ,  贺宇 ,  赵艳 ,  颜明

河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 202 -208.

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河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 202 -208. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.02.012
论著

星状神经节阻滞对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术患者术后胃肠功能恢复的影响

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Effect of stellate ganglion block on the recovery of gastrointestinal function of patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

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摘要

目的 探讨超声引导下星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)对肥胖患者行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)术后胃肠功能恢复的影响。 方法 本研究是一项前瞻性、随机对照试验,选取徐州医科大学附属医院2024年7―11月收治的择期行LSG患者70例为研究对象,以随机数字表法分成S组和T组,每组35例。T组患者采取全身麻醉加双侧腹横肌平面阻滞,S组患者于全身麻醉诱导前30 min在超声引导下行SGB,其余麻醉管理及操作同T组。观察对比2组术后首次肛门排气时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、首次排便时间;术后第一天进行进食―恶心―呕吐―腹胀―症状持续时间(intake-feeling nauseated-emesis-physical exam-duration of symptoms,I-FEED)评分 ;苏醒期不良反应发生率(恶心、呕吐、腹胀发生率);术中不同时间点生命体征变化;在术后拔管即刻、术后6 h、术后12 h和术后1 d进行数字等级评定量表(numerical rating scale,NRS)的评估;于手术前1 d及手术后1 d对患者进行40项恢复质量评分量表(40-item recovery quality scale,QoR-40)的评估;手术后1 d对患者进行睡眠质量的评估,采用阿森斯失眠量表(athens insomnia scale,AIS)等。 结果 S组术后首次肛门排气时间短于T组(t=8.289,P<0.001)、肠鸣音恢复时间短于T组(t=9.360,P<0.001)、首次排便时间短于T组(t=8.056,P<0.001);术后第1天I-FEED评分S组优于T组(Z=2.524,P=0.012);S组术后首次下床活动时间短于T组(t=5.280,P<0.001);2组时间点MAP与HR差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);NRS时间点差异有统计学意义(F=3.461,P=0.021),S组术后QoR-40评分比T组高(t=3.121,P=0.003)。 结论 在超声引导下实施SGB可以促进肥胖患者在进行LSG后早期恢复胃肠功能,提高患者术后恢复质量。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the impacts of the ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block (SGB) on gastrointestinal function of obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Methods This study was a prospective, randomized controlled trial. A total of 70 obese patients undergoing elective LSG in Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from July November 2024 were selected and divided into Group S (n=35) and Group T (n=35) by random number table method. Patients in Group T were treated with general anesthesia plus bilateral transversus abdominis plane block. Patients in Group S were treated with ultrasound-guided SGB at 30 min before the induction of general anesthesia, and the remaining anesthetic management and procedures were the same as those in Group T. Patients in the two groups were compared in terms of time to first flatus after surgery, time to recovery of bowel sounds, time to first defecation, intake-feeling nauseated-emesis-physical exam-duration of symptoms (I-FEED) score on the first day after surgery, incidence of adverse reactions during recovery (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension), intraoperative vital signs at different time points during surgery, numerical rating scale (NRS) scores immediately after extubation, as well as at 6 h, 12 h and 1 d after surgery, 40-item Quality of Recovery Scale (QoR-40) at 1 d before surgery and at 1 d after surgery, and the sleep quality at 1 d after surgery based on the athens insomnia scale (AIS). Results Time to first flatus after surgery (t=8.289, P=0.000), time to recovery of bowel sounds (t=9.360, P=0.000) and time to first defecation (t=8.056, P=0.000). The I-FEED score of Group S was better than Group T on the first day after surgery (z=2.524, P=0.012), and the first time to off-bed activity in Group S was shorter than that in Group T (t=5.280, P=0.000). The two groups showed significant differences in MAP and HR different time points (P<0.05), the NRS scores showed a significant difference different time points (F=3.461, P=0.021),the postoperative QoR-40 score of patients in group S was higher than that in group T (t=3.121, P=0.003). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided SGB can promote early recovery of gastrointestinal function in obese patients after LSG, and improve the quality of postoperative recovery.

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关键词

神经传导阻滞 / 腹腔镜袖状胃切除术 / 胃肠功能 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.02.012

Key words

nerve conduction block / laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy / gastrointestinal function

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引用格式 ▾
包曼云,贺宇,赵艳,颜明. 星状神经节阻滞对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术患者术后胃肠功能恢复的影响[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2026, 47(2): 202-208 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.02.012

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近年来我国肥胖患病率逐年上升[1],有大量研究[1-5]显示肥胖是心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和许多癌症等的危险因素。很多肥胖患者通过节食、锻炼、药物等方法试图减轻体重指数(body mass index,BMI),但有研究[6]显示肥胖的非手术治疗对于长期的BMI控制通常是无效的。减重手术是控制BMI的有效方法,腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)是目前全球应用最广泛的减重手术,效果显著[7-8]。但患者易发生术后胃肠功能障碍(postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction,POGD),有研究[9]显示POGD发生在全身麻醉下接受腹部手术的10%~30%的患者中,POGD的特征是无法恢复正常饮食,并伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀等症状[10-11]。研究[12-13]表明,LSG所致肠道解剖结构和运动性改变可形成盲性肠环,导致小肠细菌过度生长。小肠细菌过度生长的特征是小肠中存在过量细菌,与腹胀和腹泻等症状的存在有关。胰腺外分泌功能不全也是减重术后的一种众所周知的并发症,是指胰腺酶和/或碳酸氢钠分泌不足,妨碍正常消化。胰腺外分泌功能不全的症状可能包括腹痛和肠胃胀气等[14]。在减重手术中有相关研究[11]显示即便术前或术中给予充分的预防措施,术后6 h内恶心呕吐的发生率亦高达74.6%。胃肠手术患者术后发生POGD会表现出一系列不良后果,例如住院时间平均增加4 d,术后并发症发生率增加29%,需要再次手术的可能性增加12%,再入院率增加8%,病死率比没有POGD的患者高4倍[15-16]。星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)是一种阻滞交感神经、维持植物神经平衡的阻滞方法,有研究[17-19]显示,SGB可以通过增加胃肠血流,并且减轻操作所致炎症和应激反应,减弱患者术后疼痛,从而加速术后胃肠功能恢复。但关于SGB能否提高肥胖患者LSG术后胃肠功能目前研究甚少,本研究选取徐州医科大学附属医院2024年7―11月收治的择期行LSG患者70例作为研究对象,探讨SGB对行LSG的肥胖患者术后早期胃肠功能及恢复质量的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本研究是一项前瞻性、单盲、随机对照试验,方案纳入标准:择期行LSG患者;年龄18~65岁,平均(32.84±8.25)岁;BMI≥30;美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesi-ologists,ASA)Ⅱ~Ⅲ级。排除标准:星状神经节阻滞禁忌者(长期使用抗血小板、抗凝药有出血倾向者);合并严重内科疾病;患有自身免疫性疾病或处于免疫抑制状态者;既往存在胃肠道疾病手术史,胃肠功能药物使用史;长期使用阿片类药物;精神疾病史;罗哌卡因等麻醉药过敏。剔除标准:星状神经节阻滞失败者;术中因各种情况更改术式者;手术时间>4 h;术中出血大于800 mL;术后入重症监护室者;受试者失访。本研究最初纳入患者70例,剔除3例(2例手术时间>4 h,1例术中更改术式),最终67例患者被纳入。以随机数字表法分成S组和T组,2组在术前及术中一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

本研究通过徐州医科大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准(批准文号:XYFY2024-KL296-01)该试验严格遵循伦理原则,所有入组患者均在充分了解试验内容后签署知情同意书。

1.2 分组与处理

根据既往研究[18],选取α=0.05,检验效能1-β=0.9,groups=2,考虑10%的脱落率,计算出样本量为70,用计算机随机数生成器生成随机序列,将患者分为SGB组(S组)和对照组(T组)。由1名不参与研究的护士准备试验药物(0.375%罗哌卡因5 mL)。所有LSG由同一组外科医生实施操作。分组情况不告知外科医师、麻醉医师及数据收集人员。麻醉药物均根据患者标准体重计算:男性=[身高(cm)―80]×70%,女性=[身高(cm)―70]×60%。

1.3 麻醉方法

所有受试者于术前按照麻醉指南标准禁食8 h,禁饮2 h。入手术房间后,连接脉搏血氧饱和度、无创动脉血压和心电图。开放外周静脉后于局部麻醉下行桡动脉穿刺置管,监测连续有创动脉血压。S组患者于诱导前30 min由经验丰富的麻醉医生在超声引导下行右侧SGB。患者处于仰卧位,头偏向左侧,常规皮肤消毒,消毒后铺上无菌巾。将5~10 Hz探头放在患者右侧第六颈椎平面处,平面内进针至颈长肌前方(图1),回抽无血液及脑脊液,注射5 mL的0.375%罗哌卡因注射液,并观察20 min,出现霍纳综合征,说明阻滞成功。完成阻滞后覆盖白色敷贴。T组患者不做SGB仅在同样位置覆盖敷贴。麻醉诱导由另一位经验丰富的麻醉医生进行。麻醉诱导:给予预充氧3~5 min使脉搏血氧饱和度达到98%以上,依次静注咪达唑仑2~3 mg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg使肌肉松弛,肌松达标后行气管插管,在超声辅助下实施双侧腹横肌平面阻滞,采用0.375%罗哌卡因,单侧剂量20 mL。麻醉维持:术中行容量控制通气模式通气,调整参数使呼气末二氧化碳分压维持在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.33 kPa)。经静脉途径持续泵入环泊酚(0.4~0.8 mg·kg―1·h―1)与瑞芬太尼(0.1~0.3 μg·kg―1·min―1),并辅助吸入1%浓度的七氟烷以维持麻醉状态,间断追加罗库溴铵,使麻醉深度维持在脑电双频指数值为40~60。在麻醉维持期间,确保心率(heart rate,HR)及平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)的波动范围不超过其基础值的±20%。手术结束前30 min,停止使用七氟烷,手术结束前15 min停用环泊酚,缝合表皮时,停止瑞芬太尼输注。手术结束前30 min静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg止痛。术后常规使用2 mg/kg舒更葡糖钠逆转肌松效应,所有患者均在手术室内完成拔管后转运至恢复室。

1.4 观察指标

胃肠蠕动功能恢复时间为首次肛门排气时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、首次排便时间;术后1 d I-FEED评分;首次下床活动时间;苏醒期不良反应发生率(腹胀、恶心、呕吐等);入手术室(T0)、行SGB即刻(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、切皮(T3)、手术开始后1 h(T4)、术毕(T5)、拔出气管导管(T6)时的HR、MAP;观察并对比2组拔管即刻、术后6 h、术后12 h和术后1 d的等级评定量表(numerical rating scale,NRS);术后1 d的恢复质量量表评分(40-item recovery quality scale,QoR-40);术后1 d睡眠质量阿森斯失眠量表评分(athens insomnia scale,AIS)。

1.5 统计学方法

应用SPSS 25.0统计软件处理数据。计量资料采用Shapiro-Wilk检验、t检验及重复测量方差分析,采用Levene检验验证方差齐性;非正态分布的资料则菜用Friedman检验、Mann-Witney U检验及Bonferrioni检验。计数资料用χ 2 检验;等级资料比较采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结  果

2.1 2组术后肠鸣音恢复、首次肛门排气时间及首次排便时间对比

S组患者肛门首次排气时间显著短于T组(P<0.001)。S组术后肠鸣音恢复时间为(17.56±2.80) h,T组为(24.70±3.43) h,S组肠鸣音恢复时间短于T组(P<0.001)。2组术后首次排便时间分别为S组(45.97±3.87) h、T组(55.64±5.80) h,S组首次排便时间显著短于T组(P<0.001),见表2。

2.2 2组术后第1天I-FEED评分、首次下床活动时间及术后不良反应发生率比较

与T组[4.00(3.00)]相比,S组[2.50(3.00)]术后I-FEED评分更好(Z=2.524,P=0.012)。S组术后首次下床活动时间短于T组(P<0.05)。术后恶心、呕吐、腹胀发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。

2.3 2组术中资料比较

2组时间点MAP与HR差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),S组患者术中MAP与HR波动幅度较T组平稳,见表4、表5。

2.4 2组术后恢复质量比较

2组术前1天QoR-40评分得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),S组术后1天QoR-40评分高于T组(P<0.05),NRS时间点差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组术后AIS评分及术后住院时长差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表6、表7。

3 讨 论

本研究结果显示在LSG术前行超声引导下SGB的S组术后首次肛门排气时间比未行SGB的T组提前,且差异有统计学意义。这与既往一项关于SGB改善POGD的Meta分析结果一致[19],该研究表明SGB可缩短不同类型全身麻醉手术患者术后排气时间,其中以缩短胃肠道手术患者术后排气时间最显著,平均缩短23.92 h。此外,在本研究中S组的术后肠鸣音恢复时间和首次排便时间也均较T组提前,且差异有统计学意义,说明超声引导下SGB可促进肥胖患者LSG术后胃肠功能恢复。

POGD的发生受多种因素影响,结合既往有关研究总结LSG患者术后发生POGD的可能原因为①患者自身因素如高BMI、有高血压、糖尿病等。虽然本研究中行LSG患者大多年纪较轻,但BMI均≥30,而根据Juárez-Parra等[20]研究:BMI>25.3的患者POGD发生率较高,原因可能是BMI较高的患者更易发生代谢紊乱,导致肠道上皮细胞发生功能障碍,易受感染,从而黏膜屏障功能障碍,且肥胖患者合并高血压、糖尿病的比重也更大;②手术操作影响:LSG作为胃肠道手术对术后胃肠功能恢复影响较大,并且在机体失血失液导致循环容量不足的情况下,颈动脉体及主动脉体化学感受器接受刺激会通过收缩骨骼肌和内脏血管等去保证心脏和脑等重要脏器的血流灌注。不恰当的液体复苏也会引起POGD[21-23];③麻醉因素:阿片类药物可通过与胃肠道μ受体作用,减少神经递质,如乙酰胆碱的释放,抑制肠道运动,减弱胃肠的运动和分泌[21,24-25];④炎症反应及应激反应:气管插管、手术切皮等围手术期刺激,刺激机体激活下丘脑―垂体―肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)和交感神经系统的活性,减弱副交感神经活性,收缩胃肠道血管,减少胃肠道血流,减弱胃肠运动[26],破坏胃肠道保护屏障,发生POGD。目前解决POGD的方法有放置胃管、空肠营养管、再次手术[27-29]等,但这些办法处理困难,花销大,延长住院时间,易产生医患纠纷,所以需要寻求一种简单、花销少的方法改善术后胃肠功能。

SGB已广泛应用于临床,超声引导下行SGB具有操作方便、定位准确、不良反应小等优势。本研究所行SGB均无不良反应发生。结合既往有关研究和本研究结果,SGB改善POGD的可能机制为①SGB可以调节神经内分泌系统,消化系统主要受自主神经系统的调控,作为人体内一种关键的应激反应源,全身麻醉的条件下进行的手术操作,会引发该系统功能的改变。这种改变会刺激交感神经系统的活跃,同时抑制副交感神经系统的活动,并导致儿茶酚胺的释放。SGB通过阻断颈部的交感神经,可以有效地抑制交感神经系统的过度兴奋状态。这种干预手段有助于调节神经内分泌-免疫系统的平衡,进而帮助建立植物神经系统的平衡状态,促进身体稳态的建立,从而促进术后胃肠道功能的恢复。本研究中S组血流动力学的波动较T组更稳定正可以证实SGB可以维持植物神经系统的平衡[30-31],从而促进术后胃肠功能恢复;②抑制应激及炎症反应:SGB可通过抑制HPA轴,减少去甲肾上腺素的释放,降低IL-6及CRP水平减轻应激反应及炎症反应,提高术后胃肠功能恢复质量。Zhu等[17]、Chen等[32]的研究均可证实,本研究中S组术中血流动力学更平稳,证明SGB可减轻应激及炎症反应;③减少术后阿片类药物使用:既往对行SGB患者的研究[32-33]发现,患者术后早期NRS评分低于对照组,降低对阿片类药物的需求,本研究中两组患者术中阿片类药物的使用无差异,但本文拔管即刻NRS评分S组低于T组也说明SGB可减轻术后疼痛,减少术后阿片类药物的使用,促进术后胃肠功能恢复,本研究中所有患者术后均未使用阿片类药物;④增加胃肠道血流、稳定胃肠激素分泌:SGB通过阻断交感神经活性,维持机体植物神经平衡,增加胃肠道血流[32],降低手术操作及药物等对胃肠道屏障的破坏程度。SGB可缓解胃肠激素下降幅度[17],促进术后胃肠功能恢复。

本文的局限性在于:①本试验样本量选择仅根据主要结局指标,为一项单中心、小样本研究,且鉴于减重患者的高度异质性,未来亟需开展多中心、大样本的前瞻性研究以进一步验证;②本试验中阿片类药物用量,术后1 d NRS评分等差异均无统计学意义,可能与仅行一次SGB有关,未来可行不同次数SGB探究最佳术后恢复质量与最少SGB次数之间的均衡。

综上所述,超声引导下SGB可提高肥胖患者LSG术后胃肠功能恢复质量,促进术后恢复质量。

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基金资助

江苏省高水平医院建设项目(GSPJS202410)

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