外周血ctDNA与组织检测一致性在NSCLC EGFR-TKI耐药评估中的价值及诊疗方案优化

耿楠 ,  胡文霞 ,  蒋怡芳 ,  葛晖 ,  杨俊泉 ,  丁翠敏

河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5) : 502 -510.

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河北医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5) : 502 -510. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.05.002
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外周血ctDNA与组织检测一致性在NSCLC EGFR-TKI耐药评估中的价值及诊疗方案优化

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The value of consistency between peripheral blood ctDNA and tissue biopsy in resistance assessment of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC and optimization of diagnosis and treatment protocol

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摘要

目的 明确外周血循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)与组织检测在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)耐药评估中的一致性,对有高耐药风险患者基线采用联合治疗策略,基于一致性特征优化临床诊疗方案,并通过130例临床验证评估其有效性和安全性。 方法 选取2021年12月—2024年6月中晚期表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)阳性NSCLC患者130例,采用随机数字表法分为优化组与传统组,各65例。传统组给予一代或三代EGFR-TKI单药治疗,定期评估疗效,疾病进展后行组织活检明确耐药机制并调整方案。优化组采用ctDNA动态监测、组织检测验证、个体化干预的闭环诊疗方案:第一步基线同步行组织与ctDNA检测,识别高耐药风险基因标签[①基线伴有除核心变异之外的其他EGFR变异;②基线伴有肿瘤蛋白53(tumor protein 53,TP53)、视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白1(retinoblastoma protein 1,RB1)、磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)等肿瘤抑癌基因突变;③基线伴有间质上皮细胞转化因子(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,MET)突变或扩增、成红细胞白血病病毒癌基因同源物2(erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2,ERBB2)扩增等旁路变异],据此调整初始治疗;第二步治疗中每2个月ctDNA动态监测基因变异,结合影像学评估分级预警耐药并及时经组织检测验证;第三步耐药后依据组织活检结果实施个体化干预,后续持续动态监测并调整方案,比较2组客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)、无进展生存期(progressionfree survival,PFS)、总生存期(overall survival,OS)及安全性相关指标。 结果 ctDNA检测与组织检测的总体一致率为82.3%,Kappa值为0.642(P<0.001),敏感度78.4%,特异度88.1%,阳性预测值92.1%,阴性预测值70.3%,整体一致性良好。其中EGFR通路核心变异(19外显子缺失、21外显子L858R、T790M)检测一致率为83.2%(Kappa=0.661,P<0.001),旁路变异[MET扩增、表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)扩增等],检测一致率为78.5%(Kappa=0.598,P<0.001),二者均呈良好一致性。疗效方面,优化组ORR(63.1%)、DCR(89.2%)显著高于传统组(41.5%、72.3%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.018、P=0.013);远期生存上,优化组中位PFS(11.2个月)、中位OS(24.8个月)显著长于传统组(7.1个月、18.3个月),差异有统计学意义(P=0.004、P=0.007)。耐药相关指标中,优化组原发性耐药发生率(7.7%)显著低于传统组(20.0%)(P=0.042),获得性耐药干预响应率(81.0%)显著高于传统组(56.8%)(P=0.031)。安全性方面,优化组不良反应发生率为33.8%,传统组为38.5%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.568),且不良反应均以1~2级为主,无严重不良反应发生。 结论 外周血ctDNA与组织检测在NSCLC的相关基因检测具有良好一致性。同时构建的ctDNA动态监测、组织检测验证、个体化干预的优化诊疗方案,通过基线风险分层和源头覆盖显著降低了原发性耐药,通过早期分子预警和精准靶向联合显著提升了获得性耐药干预响应率,最终转化为生存获益,且安全性良好。

Abstract

Objective To clarify the consistency between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in peripheral blood and tissue biopsy in the evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), to adopt a combination treatment strategy at baseline for patients with high risk of drug resistance, to optimize the clinical diagnosis and treatment protocol based on the consistency characteristics, and to evaluate its efficacy and safety through clinical validation of 130 patients. Methods A total of 130 patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive NSCLC admitted from December 2021 to June 2024 were enrolled and divided into the optimized group (n=65) and the traditional group (n=65) by random number table method. The traditional group was given first-generation or third-generation EGFR-TKI monotherapy, with regular efficacy evaluation. After disease progression, tissue biopsy was performed to clarify the drug resistance mechanism and adjust the treatment protocol. The optimized group adopted a closed-loop diagnosis and treatment protocol consisting of dynamic ctDNA monitoring, tissue biopsy validation, and individualized intervention: The first step was to simultaneously perform tissue and ctDNA testing at baseline to identify genetic signatures associated with high risk of resistance, including [①the presence of additional EGFR variants beyond the core mutations at baseline; ②baseline mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as tumor protein 53 (TP53), retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); ③baseline presence of bypass alterations such as mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) mutation or amplification, and erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2) amplification, based on which the initial treatment was adjusted]. The second step was to perform dynamic ctDNA monitoring for genetic variations every 2 months during treatment, combined with imaging assessment for graded early warning of drug resistance which was promptly verified by tissue biopsy. The third step was to implement individualized intervention based on tissue biopsy results after drug resistance, with continuous dynamic monitoring and treatment protocol adjustment thereafter. The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety-related indicators were compared between the two groups. Results The overall consistency rate between ctDNA testing and tissue biopsy was 82.3%, with a Kappa value of 0.642 (P<0.001), a sensitivity of 78.4%, a specificity of 88.1%, a positive predictive value of 92.1%, and a negative predictive value of 70.3%, showing good overall consistency. Among them, the consistency rate for detecting EGFR pathway core variations (exon 19 deletion, exon 21 L858R mutation, T790M mutation) was 83.2% (Kappa=0.661, P<0.001), and the consistency rate for detecting bypass variations [MET amplification, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification] was 78.5% (Kappa=0.598, P<0.001), both of which showed good consistency. In terms of efficacy, the ORR (63.1%) and DCR (89.2%) of the optimized group were significantly higher than those of the traditional group (41.5%, 72.3%) respectively, with significant differences (P=0.018, P=0.013). In terms of long-term survival, the median PFS (11.2 months) and median OS (24.8 months) of the optimized group were significantly longer than those of the traditional group (7.1 months, 18.3 months) respectively, with significant differences (P=0.004, P=0.007). Among drug resistance-related indicators, the incidence of primary drug resistance in the optimized group (7.7%) was significantly lower than that in the traditional group (20.0%) (P=0.042), and the response rate to acquired drug resistance intervention in the optimized group (81.0%) was significantly higher than that in the traditional group (56.8%) (P=0.031). In terms of safety, the incidence of adverse reactions was 33.8% in the optimized group and 38.5% in the traditional group, with no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.568). Moreover, the adverse reactions were mainly grade 1―2, with no severe adverse reactions observed. Conclusion ctDNA testing in peripheral blood and tissue biopsy show good consistency in the detection of relevant genes in NSCLC. Meanwhile, the constructed optimized diagnosis and treatment protocol, which integrates dynamic ctDNA monitoring, tissue biopsy validation and individualized intervention, significantly reduces primary drug resistance through baseline risk stratification and source coverage, and significantly improves the response rate to acquired drug resistance intervention through early molecular warning and precise targeted combination therapy, ultimately translating into survival benefits with a good safety profile.

Graphical abstract

关键词

癌,非小细胞肺 / EGFR-TKI / 方案优化 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.05.002

Key words

carcinoma, non-small-cell lung / EGFR-TKI / optimization of the protocol

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耿楠,胡文霞,蒋怡芳,葛晖,杨俊泉,丁翠敏. 外周血ctDNA与组织检测一致性在NSCLC EGFR-TKI耐药评估中的价值及诊疗方案优化[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2026, 47(5): 502-510 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2026.05.002

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非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)占肺癌病例的80%~85%,亚裔晚期 NSCLC患者中约50%存在表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)敏感突变,EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)是此类患者的一线标准治疗方案,可显著改善预后[1-2]。但单药治疗局限性日益凸显,且约90%患者接受 EGFR-TKI治疗6~18个月后会出现耐药,这成为制约疗效的核心瓶颈 [3-4]。EGFR-TKI耐药机制主要分为EGFR通路依赖型与非通路依赖型,核心变异继发突变及旁路变异是主要类型,精准、及时识别耐药基因变异是调整治疗策略的关键[5]。组织活检作为检测金标准,存在有创、并发症风险、患者耐受性差及易因肿瘤异质性导致耐药基因漏检等局限性 [6-7]。而外周血循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)携带肿瘤基因变异信息,具有无创、可重复、能反映肿瘤异质性等优势,为耐药评估提供新思路 [8]。但目前相关临床研究样本量小、检测方法不一,ctDNA与组织检测的一致性结果存在差异,未形成统一规范 [9-10],且缺乏基于一致性构建闭环诊疗方案及改善患者生存的证据,限制其推广应用。基于此,本研究系统分析中晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者组织检测与ctDNA检测在肺癌相关基因变异中的一致性,对有高耐药风险患者基线采用联合治疗策略,同时构建ctDNA动态监测、组织检测验证、个体化干预的优化诊疗方案,与传统诊疗方案进行临床对照,为NSCLC的精准评估及EGFR-TKI耐药诊疗方案优化提供临床证据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2021年12月—2024年6月河北医科大学第四医院(111例)及唐山市人民医院(19例)收治的中晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者130例。入选标准:①经病理组织学确诊为NSCLC,临床分期ⅢB~Ⅳ期;②EGFR基因检测核心变异阳性(19外显子缺失、21外显子L858R敏感突变、T790M突变);③首次接受EGFR-TKI(一代或三代)治疗;④美国东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)体力状态评分0~2分;⑤预计生存期≥3个月;⑥肝肾功能、血常规等主要实验室指标基本正常。排除标准:①合并其他恶性肿瘤;②既往接受过化疗、免疫治疗等抗肿瘤治疗;③严重肝肾功能不全、凝血功能障碍;④活动性感染、自身免疫性疾病;⑤妊娠或哺乳期女性;⑥临床资料不完整。

本研究经河北医科大学第四医院伦理委员会批准通过(批准文号:2021KY133)。

1.2 分组及诊疗方案设计

1.2.1 分组

采用随机数字表法将患者分为优化组(65例)和传统组(65例)。优化组中男性28例,女性37例;年龄41~76岁,中位年龄60岁;19外显子缺失34例,21外显子L858R突变26例,其他敏感突变5例;ⅢB期19例,Ⅳ期46例。传统组中男性30例,女性35例;年龄40~78岁,中位年龄62岁;19外显子缺失33例,21外显子L858R突变27例,其他敏感突变5例;ⅢB期21例,Ⅳ期44例。2组性别、年龄、突变类型、肿瘤分期等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2.2 传统组诊疗方案设计

治疗方案:给予一代、三代EGFR-TKI单药治疗,一代药物包括吉非替尼、埃可替尼;三代药物选择包括:奥西替尼、伏美替尼、阿美替尼或贝福替尼,根据临床实际情况、患者意愿、药物可及性及医生的治疗习惯确定。疗效评估:每8~12周进行一次疗效评估,常规行胸部CT及肿瘤标志物检测,依据实体瘤疗效评价标准(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST)进行疗效评价。耐药处理:影像学评估确认疾病进展后,推荐获取肿瘤组织(通过穿刺活检或内镜活检)进行基因检测,以明确耐药机制。根据耐药机制按照临床诊治指南选择标准治疗方案,并进行疗效再评估。

1.2.3 优化组诊疗方案设计

在前期预实验已明确ctDNA与组织检测一致性特征的基础上,本研究构建了一套ctDNA动态监测、组织检测验证、个体化干预的优化诊疗方案。第一步,基线基因检测与高耐药风险基因识别:基线阶段同步采集肿瘤组织样本与外周血,分别进行组织基因检测及ctDNA基因二代测序,以建立个体化分子基线谱。基于基线检测结果,定义高耐药风险基因标签,其分子标准包括:①基线伴有除核心变异之外的其他EGFR变异;② 基线伴有肿瘤抑癌基因突变[如肿瘤蛋白53(tumor protein 53,TP53)、视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白1(retinoblastoma protein 1,RB1)、磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)等];③ 基线伴有旁路变异[如间质上皮细胞转化因子(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,MET)突变或扩增、成红细胞白血病病毒癌基因同源物2(erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2,ERBB2)扩增等]。针对基线基因检测结果优化治疗方案,仅有EGFR核心变异者给与一代或三代EGFR-TKI单药(根据临床实际情况、患者意愿、药物可及性及医生的治疗习惯确定);携带上述高耐药风险基因的患者,调整初始治疗方案:对于除核心变异之外的其他EGFR变异及伴有抑癌基因突变者,则采用EGFR-TKI联合含铂双药化疗;对于基线伴有旁路变异者,采用EGFR-TKI联合相应靶向药物(如MET-TKI、HER2-TKI等)的一线治疗。第二步,治疗中动态监测与耐药预警:治疗过程中,每2个月通过ctDNA动态监测EGFR通路及其旁路相关变异演化趋势,并进行影像学评估。针对耐药预警与验证环节,设立分级响应,若ctDNA检测到明确耐药突变[变异等位基因频率(variant allele frequency,VAF)≥0.5%]且影像学提示进展,则一周内行组织活检验证;若ctDNA阴性但影像学确认疾病进展,则直接进行组织取样;若ctDNA呈现低丰度信号(VAF 0.2%~0.5%),则缩短监测间隔至每月复查ctDNA,若突变丰度持续上升则安排组织活检。第三步,耐药后精准干预:基于组织活检验证结果实施个体化干预,组织活检确认获得性耐药突变者,依据其共突变模式调整靶向策略或转为含铂双药化疗:基线用一代EGFR-TKI检出T790M突变者转换为三代EGFR-TKI,MET扩增者在原EGFR-TKI基础上联合赛沃替尼或谷美替尼;BRAF V600突变者,联合达拉菲尼和曲美替尼;对于检出其他旁路激活[如大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,KRAS)、转染重排基因(rearranged during transfection,RET)、人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)变异等]则依据其分子特征选择联合相应的靶向治疗;而对于未检测到明确耐药基因或发生组织类型转化者则选择化疗联合免疫治疗或单纯化疗方案。干预后首月进行疗效再评估,之后每两月通过ctDNA变异等位基因频率动态变化及影像学结果进行系统评估,并依此进行治疗方案调整。

1.3 检测方法

1.3.1 样本采集与处理

组织样本:CT或超声引导下或支气管镜下穿刺活检,采集组织样本≥2块,一块用于病理确诊,一块放入保存液中―80 ℃冻存。血液样本:治疗前、治疗期间及疾病进展时采集外周静脉血10 mL,乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)抗凝管保存,2 h内1 600×g离心10 min分离血浆,再次16 000×g离心10 min去除细胞碎片,血浆-80 ℃冻存。

1.3.2 基因检测

组织DNA提取、ctDNA提取严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。阳性判定:组织检测VAF≥5%为阳性,ctDNA检测VAF≥0.5%为阳性。

1.4 观察指标

1.4.1 一致性评估指标

比较基线时组织检测及ctDNA检测,计算ctDNA检测在EGFR核心变异(19外显子缺失、21外显子L858R、T790M)、EGFR其他变异(除核心变异之外的其他EGFR变异)、旁路变异(MET扩增、HER2变异、BRAF V600变异等)中的一致率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值(positive predictive value,PPV)、阴性预测值(negative predictive value,NPV),并进行Kappa检验。

1.4.2 疗效指标

客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)[完全缓解(complete response,CR)、部分缓解(partial response,PR)]、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)[CR+PR+疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)]、无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)[从治疗开始至疾病进展(progressive disease,PD)或死亡的时间]、总生存期(overall survival,OS)(从治疗开始至死亡或末次随访的时间)。

1.4.3 耐药相关指标

原发性耐药发生率(治疗3个月内出现PD)、获得性耐药发生率(治疗3个月后出现PD)、耐药发生时间、干预响应率(干预后达到PR或SD持续≥4周)。

1.4.4 安全性指标

按照CTCAE 5.0标准记录治疗期间不良反应发生情况,计算不良反应发生率。

1.5 统计学方法

应用SPSS 26.0和GraphPad Prism 9.0统计软件分析数据。计数资料以例数(%)表示,比较采用χ²检验;非正态分布的计量资料以[M(QR)]表示,比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,生存曲线比较采用Log-rank检验;一致性分析采用Kappa检验(Kappa值≥0.75为一致性极好,0.40~0.75为一致性良好,<0.40为一致性一般)。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结  果

2.1 ctDNA与组织检测的一致性分析

2.1.1 总体一致性

130例患者中,ctDNA检测与组织检测的总体一致率为82.3%,Kappa值为0.642(P<0.001),敏感度78.4%,特异度88.1%,PPV 92.1%,NPV 70.3%。

2.1.2 不同变异类型一致性

EGFR核心变异检测的一致率(83.2%)高于旁路变异(78.5%),二者Kappa值均在0.400~0.750,为一致性良好。见表1、图1。

2.1.3 典型变异一致性

T790M突变,ctDNA与组织检测的一致率为85.7%(Kappa=0.709,P<0.001);MET扩增的一致率为76.9%(Kappa=0.541,P<0.001)。在本研究中共有20例(占15%)患者选择了一代EGFR-TKI,T790M突变主要来源于一线使用一代EGFR-TKI后进展的患者。

2.2 2组疗效比较

2.2.1 近期疗效

优化组的ORR和DCR均显著高于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.018,P=0.013)。见表2。

2.2.2 远期疗效

优化组的中位PFS和OS均显著长于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004,P=0.007)。见图2、图3、表3。

2.3 2组耐药相关指标比较

优化组原发性耐药发生率显著低于传统组,获得性耐药发生时间显著晚于传统组,干预响应率显著高于传统组,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.042,P=0.008,P=0.031)。见表4。在特定基因亚组中,优化组MET扩增患者的干预响应率为85.7%(12/14),高于传统组的53.8%(7/13)差异有统计学意义(P=0.049);BRAF V600E突变患者的干预响应率分别为优化组100%(3/3),传统组50%(1/2),差异无统计学意义(P=0.157)。

2.4 2组安全性比较

优化组不良反应发生率为33.8%(22/65),传统组为38.5%(25/65),差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.326,P=0.568)。2组最常见的不良反应为皮疹、腹泻和乏力,均以1~2级为主,无4级及以上严重不良反应发生。见表5。

3 讨  论

NSCLC是肺癌中最常见的病理亚型,EGFR-TKI已成为EGFR敏感突变晚期NSCLC的一线标准治疗,随着临床实践的深入,相当一部分患者群体中,EGFR-TKI单药治疗的疗效已触及瓶颈,精准分层基础上的联合治疗策略受到广泛关注。ctDNA是肿瘤细胞凋亡或坏死过程中释放到外周血中的游离DNA片段,携带与原发肿瘤一致的基因变异信息,能够反映肿瘤异质性及动态变化等独特优势,为NSCLC EGFR-TKI耐药评估提供了全新的检测思路。

EGFR-TKI耐药的精准评估是个体化治疗的前提,组织活检虽为金标准,但在临床应用中存在诸多限制[11]。ctDNA液体活检作为无创检测技术,能够动态反映肿瘤基因变化,但其检测结果的可靠性需通过与组织检测的一致性验证[12]。本研究通过130例患者分析,证实ctDNA与组织检测在NSCLC相关基因检测中具有良好一致性,且基于该一致性优化的诊疗方案显著提升了治疗效果。

本研究中,ctDNA与组织检测的总体一致率为82.3%(Kappa值=0.642),ctDNA检测的特异度(88.1%)高于敏感度(78.4%),提示ctDNA阳性结果的可信度更高,可作为组织检测的有效补充,尤其适用于无法获取组织样本的患者。本研究中EGFR通路核心变异的一致率为83.2%(Kappa值=0.661),表明ctDNA在核心基因突变检测中具有较高的可靠性。这与Duffy[13]的研究结果一致,其报道ctDNA与组织检测在T790M突变中的一致率为81.2%。EGFR核心变异一致性较高,其原因可能在于:核心变异在肿瘤组织中丰度较高,释放到外周血中的ctDNA含量足以被高深度NGS检测到。然而本研究数据显示旁路变异的一致率相对较低(78.5%)。一般认为拷贝数变异(如MET扩增),其检测对ctDNA的丰度和片段完整性要求高于点突变,部分旁路变异(如HER2变异)在肿瘤中的等位基因频率本身较低[14],这就导致了旁路变异在外周血与组织标本一致率较低,提示在临床应用中,对MET扩增、HER2扩增等基因还是以组织标本为主。

本研究设计的优化诊疗方案以动态监测替代静态活检,通过每月ctDNA检测提前预警耐药信号,避免了传统方案中影像学进展后的滞后干预[15];同时ctDNA检测发现耐药信号后及时行组织活检验证,减少了单一ctDNA检测的假阳性干扰[16];由此采取的个体化干预方案针对性强,根据不同耐药机制选择联合治疗方案,如基线用一代EGFR-TKI检出T790M突变者则转换为三代EGFR-TKI,出现MET扩增者联合赛沃替尼或谷美替尼,而对于未检测到耐药基因或组织类型转化者则选择化疗联合免疫治疗或单纯化疗方案,优化模式显著提高了干预响应率。结果显示,优化组的干预响应率(81.0%)明显高于传统组(56.8%),中位PFS和OS分别延长4.1个月和6.5个月,充分证明了优化方案的有效性[17]。

耐药干预效果的提升是优化方案的核心优势。优化组原发性耐药发生率从20.0%降至7.7%,其机制在于前瞻性风险分层与源头覆盖。本研究中,基线通过识别出具有高耐药风险的基因,如基线伴随有除核心变异之外的其他EGFR变异、伴随有肿瘤抑癌基因突变及伴随有旁路变异,对这类人群调整了初始治疗策略(如采用TKI+化疗或TKI+靶向联合),从源头上减少了因初始治疗强度不足或靶点遗漏而导致的早期进展,从而减低了原发耐药的发生率,优化组ORR、DCR(63.1%、89.2%)明显高于传统组(41.5%、72.3%)。本研究中获得性耐药干预响应率从56.8%提升至81.0%,则与耐药机制的早期精准识别和及时干预密切相关[18-20]。其机制在于ctDNA动态监测能够早于影像提前捕获到分子进展,能为临床赢得提前干预窗口期,同时本优化方案中基因变异,即干预措施的匹配度较高,如针对MET扩增的联合赛沃替尼治疗,而对于未检测到明确耐药基因或组织类型转化者则选择化疗联合免疫治疗或单纯化疗方案,根据每例患者采用有针对性的个体化治疗选择。传统方案中,患者从发现影像学进展到组织活检、基因检测明确耐药机制再到调整治疗,耗时1~2个月,期间没有有效治疗的及时跟进,从而导致治疗延后影响生存。而优化方案通过ctDNA动态监测实现耐药的早期预警,结合组织检测快速明确机制,干预时间提前,为患者争取了最佳治疗时机。

本研究中患者PFS较随机对照试验研究短,通过审慎分析,虽然三代EGFR-TKI在注册临床试验中的中位PFS可达18~20个月,但真实世界研究因纳入更多基线状况差、肿瘤负荷大、脑转移及合并症多的患者,中位PFS通常为12~15个月。本研究中Ⅳ期患者占比高达69%(90/130),且未排除脑转移患者,这可能是PFS低于临床试验的原因,另外临床实际工作中,由于经济原因、患者意愿、药物不良反应、部分医生的理念等,仍有一定比例的患者在一线中采用了一代EGFR-TKI,本研究中就有20例(15%)患者一线选择了一代EGFR-TKI,这也造成了本研究中PFS数据较短,同时也提示随机对照临床试验与真实世界的临床研究不尽一致。本研究优化组与传统组的头对头比较,2组基线一致,优化方案仍显著延长了PFS(11.2个月 vs. 7.1个月),这充分证明了优化方案的优势。其核心价值在于推动EGFR突变治疗向更精细化方向发展。尽管EGFR突变检测已在国内广泛普及并纳入国家质控体系,但仅检测EGFR突变已不足以满足个体化治疗需求。共突变状态、高耐药风险基因显著影响TKI单药疗效,因此,基于生物标志物指导的治疗分层势在必行。

安全性方面,2组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义,且均未出现严重不良反应,表明优化方案并未增加治疗风险[21],这是因为优化方案基于基因检测结果选择联合用药,避免了盲目联合带来的不良反应叠加[22]。例如,仅对MET扩增患者联合赛沃替尼或谷美替尼,减少了不必要的药物暴露,降低了不良反应发生风险[23]。

本研究的创新之处:从基于基线分子谱建立及识别具有高耐药风险的基因,到治疗过程中动态监测与早期耐药预警,再到耐药后的精准干预,构建从始至终的方案优化,形成闭环诊疗流程,相对于传统诊疗流程,能够显著改善患者的PFS和OS。

本研究的局限性:未分析优化方案在不同EGFR-TKI药物中的影响;随访时间有限,长期生存获益和不良反应需长期追踪。未来可开展多中心、大样本前瞻性研究,进一步优化检测频率和干预手段,结合人工智能算法提升耐药预测的准确性[24-25]。

综上所述,外周血ctDNA与组织检测在NSCLC EGFR-TKI相关基因检测中具有良好一致性,基于基线高耐药风险基因的筛选、动态检测、早期耐药预警、精准干预的优化方案,为中晚期NSCLC患者的精准治疗提供了新的思路和方法,具有重要的临床推广价值。

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Liu XY, Zhang Y, Wang H,et al. Long-term survival with adaptive dual-targeted therapy in an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer patient with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) amplification guided by minimal residual disease (MRD) assessments: A case report and literature review[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res,2025,14(8):3270-3279.

[1] Xu M,Ding W,Wan L,et al.Third-generation versus first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Asian patients with advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer: A Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Discov Oncol,2025,16(1):1932.
[2] Zhao Y,He Y,Wang W,et al.Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors for individuals with advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer who progressed on EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors: A systematic review,Meta-analysis,and network Meta-analysis[J]. Lancet Oncol,2024,25(10):1347-1356.
[3] Cheng Y,Liu Y,Lv X,et al.Predictive and prognostic value of genetic aberrations of EGFR-TKI treatment: A real-world analysis of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Dis,2025,17(10):8978-8991.
[4] Zhao J,Xu W,Zhou F,et al.Navigating the landscape of EGFR TKI resistance in EGFR‑mutant NSCLC-mechanisms and evolving treatment approaches[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2026,23(1):63-83.
[5] 曾怡馨,王晓,王澍,等. EGFR-TKIs在NSCLC中的耐药机制及治疗策略研究进展[J]. 肿瘤药学,2022,12(2):161-166.
[6] 柏洪,陈余清.非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体T790M突变的研究进展[J].中国肿瘤,2021,30(2):150-160.
[7] 杨晓娇,高俊珍.肺癌患者循环肿瘤DNA中EGFR-T790M突变检测TKI获得性耐药[J].国际呼吸杂志,2018,38(4):297-300.
[8] El Zarif T,Meador C,Qiu X,et al.Detecting small cell transformation in patients with advanced EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma through epigenomic cf DNA profiling[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2024,30(17):3798-3811.
[9] Cooper AJ,Sequist LV,Lin JJ.Third-generation EGFR and ALK inhibitors: Mechanisms of resistance and management[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2022,19(8):499-514.
[10] Hartmaier RJ,Markovets AA,Ahn MJ,et al.Osimertinib+Savolitinib to overcome acquired MET-Mediated resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated,met-amplified non-small cell lung cancer: TATTON[J].Cancer Discov,2023,13(1):98-113.
[11] Jänne PA,Baik C,Su WC,et al.Efficacy and safety of patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) in EGFR inhibitor-resistant,EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Cancer Discov,2022,12(1):74-89.
[12] Li K,Zhang N,Xu B,et al.Utility of circulating tumor DNA assay in identifying mutations and guiding matched targeted therapy in lung cancers[J]. Clin Med Insights Oncol,2024,18:11795549241285238.
[13] Duffy MJ.Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a biomarker for lung cancer: Early detection,monitoring and therapy prediction[J]. Tumour Biol,2024,46(Suppl 1):s283-s295.
[14] Imperial R,Nazer M,Ahmed Z,et al.Matched whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) of tumor tissue with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis: Complementary modalities in clinical practice[J]. Cancers,2019,11(9):1399.
[15] Abbosh C,Hodgson D,Doherty GJ,et al.Implementing circulating tumor DNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Trends Cancer,2024,10(7):643-654.
[16] Yang X,Gao S,Ju R,et al.Implementing liquid biopsy NGS in stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ NSCLC: Clinical utility assessment from a real-world Chinese cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2025,25(1):1765.
[17] 薛崇祥,鲁星妤,刘哲宁,等.动态监测肺癌患者基因变化规律及其预后意义[J].中国全科医学,2023,26(36):4527-4534.
[18] 潘锋. 小细胞肺癌免疫治疗在探索中前行[J]. 中国当代医药,2023,30(1):1-4.
[19] Stalker M,Grady CB,Watts A,et al.Changing treatment and metastatic disease patterns in patients with EGFR mutated NSCLC: An academic thoracic medical investigator's consortium registry analysis[J]. JTO Clin Res Rep,2024,6(1):100765.
[20] Passaro A,Wang J,Wang Y,et al.Amivantamab plus chemotherapy with and without Lazertinib in EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC after disease progression on osimertinib: Primary results from the phase Ⅲ MARIPOSA-2 study[J]. Ann Oncol,2024,35(1):77-90.
[21] Khan S,Upadhyay S,Kauser S,et al.Redefining the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer in the era of precision medicine[J]. J Clin Med,2025,14(22):8021.
[22] Gray JE,Markovets A,Reungwetwattana T,et al.Longitudinal analyses of circulating tumor DNA for the detection of EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC progression during treatment: Data from FLAURA and AURA3[J]. J Thorac Oncol,2024,19(11):1525-1538.
[23] Rolfo C,Paz-Ares L,De Marinis F,et al.Liquid biopsy for advanced NSCLC: A consensus statement from the international association for the study of lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Oncol,2021,16(10):1647-1662.
[24] Zwierenga F,Fennema M,Visseren-Grul MC,et al.Circulating tumor DNA in advanced EGFRex20+ NSCLC: Concordance with tissue biopsy,monitoring of response,and resistance to high-dose osimertinib[J]. Targeted Oncol,2025,20(4):663-677.
[25] Liu XY,Zhang Y,Wang H,et al.Long-term survival with adaptive dual-targeted therapy in an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer patient with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) amplification guided by minimal residual disease (MRD) assessments: A case report and literature review[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res,2025,14(8):3270-3279.

基金资助

河北省省级科技计划资助项目(21377703D)

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