种植密度对滴灌小麦群体结构、产量及品质的影响

Effects of planting density on population structure, yield and quality of drip-irrigated wheat

摘要

探究不同种植密度对小麦群体结构、产量构成和品质性状的影响,为小麦高产优质生产提供理论和技术支持。本研究选用新疆主栽春小麦品种新春22号和新春44号,设置3个种植密度(D1:330 kg·hm^-2、D2:450 kg·hm^-2、D3:570 kg·hm^-2),在小麦拔节期、开花期取样测定地上部鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量和光合速率等,花后不同时期测定粒重变化;黄熟期测定穗粒数,收获后测定籽粒品质指标。结果表明:在D2种植密度下,新春44号的成穗数最大且叶绿素含量也最高,新春22号的净光合速率显著高于D1、D3密度。D2密度下,新春22号与新春44号的株高均低于同品种其他密度处理,且两品种的基部第二节间粗均比同品种其他密度大,其中新春44号的第二节间壁最厚,更有利于增强植株的抗倒伏能力。同时,两品种在该密度下的产量及穗粒数均优于其他密度处理。新春22号在D1密度下,叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率较高,且在此密度下的千粒重、湿面筋含量表现最优;新春44号的沉降值、蛋白质含量也在D1密度下更优。综上所述,450 kg·hm^-2的密度更适合新春22号和新春44号2个品种的产量构成因素协调和良好群体结构的形成,更有利于其光合速率和抗倒伏能力的提高,为新疆春小麦生产适宜的种植密度。但2个品种间存在一定差异,新春22号更适合密植,能在较高密度下保持高产。

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different planting densities on the population structure, yield composition and quality traits of wheat, providing theoretical and technical support for high-yield and high-quality wheat production. Two spring wheat varieties, Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 44, which are widely cultivated in Xinjiang, were selected as the test materials, and three planting density treatments were set up (D1: 330 kg·hm^-2, D2: 450 kg·hm^-2, D3: 570 kg·hm^-2).Samplings were conducted at the jointing and flowering stages to determine the above-ground fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and other indices. The changes in grain weight were measured at different stages after anthesis. The number of grains per spike was investigated at the yellow ripening stage, and the grain quality indices were determined after harvest.The results show that under the D2 density treatment, Xinchun 44 has the highest number of effective spikes and chlorophyll content, while the net photosynthetic rate of Xinchun 22 was significantly higher than that under D1 and D3 density treatments. At D2 density, both Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 44 exhibited lower plant heights than those under other density treatments of the same variety, and the thickness of the second basal internode of the two varieties was larger than that under other density treatments of the same variety. Among them, Xinchun 44 demonstrated the thickest wall of the second internode, which was more conducive to enhancing the lodging resistance of the plants. Meanwhile, the yield and grain number per spike of both varieties under this density were better than those under other density treatments. Under the D1 density treatment, Xinchun 22 had higher chlorophyll content and transpiration rate, and also exhibited the optimal 1000-grain weight and wet gluten content; Xinchun 44 also showed superior sedimentation value and protein content under the D1 density treatment. In conclusion, the density of 450 kg·hm^-2 is more suitable for coordinating the yield components and forming a favorable population structure of Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 44, and it is more conducive to improving their photosynthetic rate and lodging resistance, thus being a suitable planting density for wheat production. However, there are certain differences between the two varieties: Xinchun 22 is more adaptable to dense planting and can maintain high yield under relatively high density.

关键词

小麦 / 种植密度 / 滴灌 / 产量构成 / 品质

Key words

wheat / planting density / drip irrigation / yield components / quality

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基金资助

新疆生产建设兵团科技计划项目(2024BA001);新疆维吾尔自治区现代农业产业技术体系项目(XJARS-01-17)