探赜早期文献深蕴的名物辨析法
Object Names Discrimination Method for Exploring the Deep Connotation of Early Literature
名物在古代文献中俯拾皆是, 借助词语和语法, 彼此勾连交织, 建构出故事、 情景和思想。名物学起源于周代礼官辨析名物的职责需要, 伴随注解经典的训诂学的发展, 逐渐形成独立的学科, 融入清人的辩证评价后成为考证名物学。先秦名物是中华古典文明的根须和基因, 承载着上古时期的物质文明、 制度文明与精神文明信息。名物研究不仅要知其然, 还要知其所以然, 向深、 广两个维度精细开掘。将以求实为基础的名物辨析法应用于古代文史哲研究, 结合具体文献, 考察名物的初始意义和语境意义, 深挖古代经典的思想深蕴、 文化价值和表现技法, 是传统人文学科应对人工智能挑战和自身发展瓶颈的有益尝试。本文以“先秦名物与文史哲研究新视野”学术研讨的论文为案例, 通过名物辨析法的应用分析, 将这一方法的特点、 价值、 应用思路进行系统梳理和分析, 以供借鉴。
Objects names are ubiquitous in ancient literature, where they use words and grammar to connect and interweave, constructing stories, scenes, and ideas. The study of object names originated from the duties of ritual officials in the Zhou Dynasty to distinguish the names and properties of objects. With the development of exegesis, which annotated classics, it gradually formed an independent discipline and integrated into the evidential scholarship (kaozheng xue) of the Qing Dynasty, evolving into the study of textual research on object names. Pre-Qin object names are the roots and genes of Chinese classical civilization, carrying information about material civilization, institutional civilization, and spiritual civilization from ancient times. The study of object names requires understanding not only its nature but also its rationale, and explore its depth and breadth. Applying the pragmatic method of object name discrimination to the study of ancient literature, history, and philosophy involves examining the initial and contextual meanings of object names in specific texts, and delving into the profound ideas, cultural values, and expressive techniques of classical classics, is a beneficial attempt for traditional humanities disciplines to address both the challenges posed by artificial intelligence and their own developmental bottlenecks. This article takes the conference papers on “New Perspectives on the Study of Pre-Qin object names and Literature, History, and Philosophy” as a case study. Through the application analysis of the object name discrimination method, the characteristics, values, application ideas of this method are systematically analyzed for reference.
物有万, 塞天地皆物也, 知无涯, 充吾心皆知也。一物不知, 君子耻之, 故格致尚焉。用其物之谓事, 称其物之谓名, 聚其物之谓类。是故物也者根柢于三才, 变化于五行, 蔑不声名昭著, 生动活泼, 以载道出, 而察于人手目口耳之间, 历万世而不尽……[4]
先秦名物的解读, 既要了解名物的指称对象, 又要揭示名物的生成根据, 在把握名物字面意义的基础上, 揭示象征性表述方式所隐藏的内涵。要重视名物的感官体验, 也要关注名物的虚实、 同异关系, 运用辩证思维, 进行动态把握。宏观上兼顾人的感觉与历史时段的超越性, 微观上立足于名物固定内涵的生成、 稳定与变异的双重性。[11]
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国家社会科学基金冷门绝学与国别史研究专项项目: 古丝绸之路文献的名物研究(2018VJX023)
国家社会科学基金一般项目: 《庄子》文学的语素构象研究(16BZW044)
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