电网企业电工装备碳足迹测算框架与低碳采购综合评价体系研究

Carbon Footprint Estimation and Low Carbon Purchase Evaluation System of Electrical Equipment of Power Grid Enterprises

摘要

在“双碳”目标背景下我国正式提出建设碳足迹管理体系，电工装备作为能源基础设施建设的重要组成部分，目前仍然缺乏行业统一的碳足迹测算标准与数据库，导致企业的低碳供应链管理难以落地，也阻碍整个电力产业链的低碳转型。通过系统梳理碳足迹相关政策以及电工装备碳足迹测算研究，提出面向电网企业电工装备采购的碳足迹管理解决方案。首先，界定碳足迹测算概念并综述生命周期评价方法及其应用，进一步调研供应链碳排放管理的研究现状，最后对电工装备领域已开展的碳足迹研究进行分析，发现先前的研究多聚焦单一产品(如变压器)的碳足迹核算，缺乏普适性测算标准，且尚未与企业采购体系结合并导致低碳采购无据可依。基于以上问题，基于电网企业需求和国家政策规划提出电网企业电工装备低碳采购规划，分3个阶段将碳足迹管理逐步纳入企业的装备采购中，实现碳足迹数据从无到有、从有到优再到同采购体系深度融合的过程，考虑设备特点、电网企业需求和供应商能力培养等因素，结合多项标准文件分别设计了电工装备碳足迹测算框架和数据评价标准，并进一步提出了低碳产品与低碳供应商评价体系，最后从企业内部协同角度和供应链能力共建角度提供建议，为电力行业低碳转型提供管理理论参考。

Abstract

China officially presents a carbon footprint management system under “dual-carbon” objective. Electrical equipment as the fundamental part of energic infrastructural construction still lacks unified carbon footprint estimation standard and database, which leads to low carbon supply chain management is hard to be conducted in power grid enterprises, and blocks the low carbon transformation in the entire power industrial chain. This paper, based on carbon footprint policies and electrical equipment carbon footprint estimation, presents a solution for power grid enterprises to estimate the carbon footprint of purchasing electrical equipment. This paper gives definition of carbon footprint concept and reviews its evaluation and application of life circle, and studies its research advances on supply chain carbon emission management, and analyzes the carbon footprint in electrical equipment domain, finding that most previous studies have been focused on single product like transformer, lacking universal estimation standard without being related to enterprises' sales system. This paper presents low carbon purchasing plan for power grid enterprises' electrical equipment on the basis of their needs and national policies, in three stages incorporating carbon footprint into their purchasing plan with realizing carbon footprint data from starting to developing process. This paper constructs electrical equipment carbon footprint estimation framework and data evaluation standard on consideration of equipment features, power grid enterprises' needs and supplier's capacities combined with multiple standards, and presents low carbon products and suppliers evaluation system, and provides suggestions from perspectives of enterprises' internal integration and supply chain capabilities.

关键词

电工装备 / 产品碳足迹 / 输配电设备 / 低碳采购 / 供应链管理

Key words

electrical equipment / product carbon footprint / power transmission and distribution equipment / low carbon purchase / supply chain management

参考文献

[1] 毕竟, 丁超民, 崔益国, 等, 2024. 双碳背景下变电站全生命周期碳排放管理研究[J]. 价格理论与实践(1): 199-202.

[2] 〔BI J, DING C M, CUI Y G, et al., 2024. Research on the lifecycle carbon emission management of substations under the “dual carbon” background[J]. Price:Theory & Practice(1): 199-202.〕

[3] 陈晓红, 付益鹏, 黄骋东, 等, 2023. 特高压工程建设碳排放测算方法与应用[J]. 资源科学, 45(12): 2291-2310.〔CHEN X H, FU Y P, HUANG C D, et al., 2023. Method and application of carbon emission calculation for ultra-high voltage (UHV) project construction[J]. Resources Science, 45(12): 2291-2310. 〕

[4] 陈雅禾, 丁宁, 白孝轩, 等, 2025. 风力发电及储能系统碳足迹分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 45(5): 2926-2931.

[5] 〔CHEN Y H, DING N, BAI X X, et al., 2025. Carbon footprint analysis of wind power system with generation and storage[J]. China Environmental Science, 45(5): 2926-2931.〕

[6] 丁宁, 潘京津, 崔晗, 等, 2025a. 基于生命周期思想构建中国产品碳足迹数据库的挑战与展望[J]. 环境科学学报, 45(10): 1-8.

[7] 〔DING N, PAN J J, CUI H, et al., 2025. The challenge and prospect of developing Chinese databases of product carbon footprint in life cycle perspective[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 45(10): 1-8.〕

[8] 丁宁, 潘京津, 崔晗, 等, 2025b. LCA数据质量评价研究现状及趋势[J]. 中国环境科学, 45(12): 7097-7104.

[9] 〔DING N, PAN J J, CUI H, et al., 2025. Research status and trends of LCA data quality evaluation[J]. China Environmental Science, 45(12): 7097-7104.〕

[10] 范锦凤, 2025. 国内外产品碳足迹管理政策及其实施现状梳理[J]. 建筑科技, 9(3): 20-22.

[11] 范秋芳, 高梦琦, 刘浩旻, 2024. “双碳”目标下油气行业固定资产投资对碳排放的影响研究[J]. 资源与产业, 26(3): 36-47.

[12] 〔FAN Q F, GAO M Q, LIU H W, 2024. Impacts of fixed asset investment on carbon emission in oil-gas sector under “dual carbon” objective[J]. Resources & Industries, 26(3): 36-47.〕

[13] 付紫君, 宋学行, 沈群, 等, 2025. 基于LCA的CO₂捕集-甲烷化一体化技术碳足迹分析[J]. 化工进展, 44(5): 2879-2887.

[14] 〔FU Z J, SONG X H, SHEN Q, et al., 2025. Carbon footprint analysis of integrated CO₂ capture and methanation technology based on life cycle assessment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 44(5): 2879-2887.〕

[15] 耿光飞, 党宣, 刘洋, 2025. 电力系统碳足迹估算方法[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 37(5): 32-39.

[16] 〔GENG G F, DANG X, LIU Y, 2025. Carbon footprint estimation methods for power system[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 37(5): 32-39.〕

[17] 韩然, 刘宇, 王振国, 等, 2025. 典型单晶硅光伏组件的生命周期评价[J/OL]. 环境工程学报(2025-07-18)[2025-09-15]. WANG Z G, et al., 2025.Life cycle assessment of typical monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering(2025-07-18)[2025-09-15].

[18] 胡剑波, 任亚运, 丁子格, 2015. 气候变化下国际贸易中的碳壁垒及应对策略[J]. 经济问题探索(10): 137-141.

[19] 黄成, 薛贵元, 朱寰, 等, 2025. 全生命周期下光伏发电和煤电的碳排放及环境效益核算[J/OL]. 环境化学(2025-05-22)[2025-09-15]. ZHU H, et al., 2025. Carbon emissions and environmental benefits accounting of photovoltaic and coal-fired power based on whole life cycle[J/OL]. Environmental Chemistry(2025-05-22)[2025-09-15]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1844.X.20250521.1616.002.〕

[20] 李冬雪, 刘岩, 沈博垚, 等, 2024. 基于数字孪生技术的电力变压器碳足迹分析及低碳优化方法仿真研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 36(9): 2075-2085.

[21] 〔LI D X, LIU Y, SHEN B Y, et al., 2024. Carbon footprint analysis and low-carbon optimization method simulation study of power transformer based on digital twin technology[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 36(9): 2075-2085.〕

[22] 李可昀, 张宁, 赵乐, 等, 2025. 输变电工程关键电力设备与材料碳排放核算方法[J]. 中国电力, 58(4): 193-204.

[23] 〔LI K Y, ZHANG N, ZHAO L, et al., 2025. Carbon emission accounting methods for key electric equipment and materials in power transmission and transformation projects[J]. Electric Power, 58(4): 193-204.〕

[24] 刘含笑, 朱前林, 林青阳, 等, 2024. 基于LCA方法的光伏产品碳足迹量化评价与低碳设计[J]. 环境工程学报, 18(10): 2972-2981.

[25] 〔LIU H X, ZHU Q L, LIN Q Y, et al., 2024. Carbon footprint evaluation and low carbon design of China's photovoltaic products based on LCA methodology[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 18(10): 2972-2981.〕

[26] 刘学文, 朱京安, 2014. 低碳产品认证制度对中国出口贸易的影响及其法律对策[J]. 法治研究(12): 51-59.

[27] 刘昱良, 李姚旺, 周春雷, 等, 2024. 电力系统碳排放计量与分析方法综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 44(6): 2220-2236.

[28] 〔LIU Y L, LI Y W, ZHOU C L, et al., 2024. Overview of carbon measurement and analysis methods in power systems[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 44(6): 2220-2236.〕

[29] 吕衍超, 2025. 基于碳足迹核算的制造业绿色供应链优化路径研究[J]. 中国经贸导刊(12): 76-78.

[30] 毛田, 李江南, 周保荣, 等, 2024. 电碳一体化市场虚拟电厂竞价策略研究:基于不确定性因素的分析[J]. 价格理论与实践(12): 210-216, 232.

[31] 〔MAO T, LI J N, ZHOU B R, et al., 2024. Research on bidding strategies of virtual power plants in the integrated electricity and carbon market: Analysis based on uncertainty factors[J]. Price: Theory & Practice(12): 210-216,232.〕

[32] 聂正标, 贾彦鹏, 2024. 加快建立统一规范的产品碳足迹管理体系[J]. 宏观经济管理(8): 57-64.

[33] 祁利, 杜治, 周志强, 等, 2022. 电工装备企业产品碳足迹量化及应用场景研究[J]. 现代管理, 12(10): 6.

[34] 〔QI L, DU Z, ZHOU Z Q, et al., 2022. Research on carbon footprint quantification and application scenarios of electrical equipment enterprise[J]. Modern Management, 12(10): 6.〕

[35] 史洋, 孔震, 张保瑞, 等, 2025. 零碳目标下园区自愿减排产品的选择[J]. 资源与产业, 27(5): 109-122.

[36] 〔SHI Y, KONG Z, ZHANG B R, et al., 2025. Selection of voluntary emission products in industrial zones under zero carbon emission goal[J]. Resources & Industries, 27(5): 109-122.〕

[37] 唐艳群, 柳键, 柳璐, 等, 2025. 考虑汇率风险、风险态度与消费者偏好的跨国供应链减排策略研究[J]. 运筹与管理, 34(3): 155-162.

[38] 〔TANG Y Q, LIU J, LIU L, et al., 2025. Research on emission reduction strategy of multinational supply chains considering exchange rate risk, risk attitude and consumer preference[J]. Operations Research and Management Science, 34(3): 155-162.〕

[39] 王楠, 赵艳军, 刘成林, 等, 2024. 卤水型锂资源勘查开发综合评价指标体系构建与应用[J]. 资源与产业, 26(4): 118-132.

[40] 〔WANG N, ZHAO Y J, LIU C L, et al., 2024. Construction and application of comprehensive evaluation index system of brine lithium resources exploration and development[J]. Resources & Industries, 26(4): 118-132.〕

[41] 王玉燕, 丁露萍, 2025. 碳政策选择对网络外部性下低碳电商供应链的决策影响研究[J]. 管理工程学报, 39(2): 105-117.

[42] 〔WANG Y Y, DING L P, 2025. Research on the impact of carbon policy choice on the decision-making of low-carbon e-commerce supply chain under network externalities[J]. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 39(2): 105-117.〕

[43] 王志国, 席业成, 顾瑞钦, 2024. 供应链协同减碳的数字化碳排放核算方法研究[J]. 中国标准化(22): 55-58.

[44] 〔WANG Z G, XI Y C, GU R Q, 2024. Research on digital carbon emission accounting method of supply chain collaborative carbon reduction[J]. China Standardization(22): 55-58.〕

[45] 魏新航, 张玉琢, 白云龙, 等, 2025. 新型电力负荷管理系统综合效益评价体系[J]. 科学技术与工程, 25(17): 7208-7218.

[46] 〔WEI X H, ZHANG Y Z, BAI Y L, et al., 2025. Comprehensive benefit evaluation system of new electricity load management system[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 25(17): 7208-7218.〕

[47] 夏云舒, 蒋越, 柳思歧, 等, 2025. 基于电网物资碳足迹的产品低碳评价方法研究[J]. 现代管理, 15(2): 212-217.

[48] 许海娟, 叶春明, 李芳, 2025. 政府规制下供应链企业碳减排演化博弈分析[J]. 软科学, 39(2): 107-114.

[49] 〔XU H J, YE C M, LI F, 2025. Evolutionary game analysis of carbon emission reduction in supply chain enterprises under government regulation[J]. Soft Science, 39(2): 107-114.〕

[50] 杨文婕, 吕粤, 阿阳, 等, 2025. 碳足迹实施路径的合理规划和企业价值链排放的思考[J]. 印染, 51(7): 74-78.

[51] 〔YANG W J, LYU Y, A Y, et al., 2025. Reasonable plan for the implementation path of carbon footprint and thoughts on emissions in corporate value chain[J]. China Dyeing & Finishing, 51(7): 74-78.〕

[52] 姚小剑, 吴毓源, 2025. 粤港澳大湾区碳排放影响因素分析与情景预测[J]. 资源与产业, 27(3): 44-53.

[53] 〔YAO X J, WU Y Y, 2025. Carbon emission factors and scenario forecasts of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Bay Area[J]. Resources & Industries, 27(3): 44-53.〕

[54] 袁惊柱, 2025. 能耗双控向碳排放双控全面转型的进展、问题和路径[J]. 当代经济管理, 47(12): 68-76.

[55] 〔YUAN J Z, 2025. The progress, problems and paths of China's comprehensive transformation from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions[J]. Contemporary Economic Management, 47(12): 68-76.〕

[56] 张琦峰, 方恺, 徐明, 等, 2018. 基于投入产出分析的碳足迹研究进展[J]. 自然资源学报, 33(4): 696-708.

[57] 〔ZHANG Q F, FANG K, XU M, et al., 2018. Review of carbon footprint research based on input-output analysis[J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 60(8): 92-96,104.〕

[58] 张泽亚, 安佳坤, 周兴华, 等, 2023. 基于AHP和TOPSIS法的电采暖综合效益评价方法研究[J]. 电测与仪表, 60(8): 92-96, 104.

[59] 〔ZHANG Z Y, AN J K, ZHOU X H, et al., 2023. Research on comprehensive benefit evaluation of electric heating based on AHP and TOPSIS method[J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 60(8): 92-96,104.〕

[60] 赵扉, 王曦冉, 沈梁, 等, 2022. 绿色低碳发展下电工装备产品碳足迹评价方法研究[J]. 管理科学与工程, 11(3): 8.

[61] 〔ZHAO F, WANG X R, SHEN L, et al., 2022. Research on carbon footprint evaluation method of power equipment products under green and low-carbon development[J]. Management Science and Engineering, 11(3): 8.〕

[62] 赵双池, 蔺红, 王海云, 2025. 电碳联合市场下考虑风光不确定性的虚拟电厂竞标策略[J]. 电力工程技术, 44(3): 76-85.

[63] 〔ZHAO S C, LIN H, WANG H Y, 2025. Bidding strategies for virtual power plants under the electricity-carbon joint market taking into account wind and solar uncertainties[J]. Electric Power Engineering Technology, 44(3): 76-85.〕

[64] 周春雷, 王洁, 刘文思, 等, 2024. “双碳”目标下能源行业低碳供应链碳排放测算模型研究[J]. 环境科学与管理, 49(9): 26-31.

[65] 〔ZHOU C L, WANG J, LIU W S, et al., 2024. Research on the calculation model of carbon emissions in the low carbon supply chain of the energy industry under the “dual carbon” goal[J]. Environmental Science and Management, 49(9): 26-31.〕

[66] 周丽, 章姝, 王美涵, 等, 2025. “双碳”目标下中国碳排放控制目标分解思路研究[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 21(4): 529-540.

[67] 〔ZHOU L, ZHANG S, WANG M H, et al., 2025. Research on China's carbon emission control decomposition methods under the “dual-carbon” goal[J]. Climate Change Research, 21(4): 529-540.〕

[68] 朱继忠, 周迦琳, 张迪, 2025. 清洁能源和电力系统碳足迹全生命周期核算综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 45(4): 1323-1343.

[69] 〔ZHU J Z, ZHOU J L, ZHANG D, 2025. Review of full life-cycle carbon footprints accounting of clean energy and power systems[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 45(4): 1323-1343.〕

[70] 朱艺, 陈晓露, 丁爽, 2024. 欧盟可持续产品生态设计法规对我国绿色产品标准化的启示[J]. 中国标准化(17): 107-110.

[71] 〔ZHU Y, CHEN X L, DING S, 2024. Implications of EU ecodesign for sustainable products regulation on standardization of green products in China[J]. China Standardization(17): 107-110.〕

[72] 朱智洺, 徐婕, 李红艳, 等, 2024. “双碳”背景下能源消费碳排放效率与生态韧性耦合协调研究[J]. 资源与产业, 26(3): 21-35.

[73] 〔ZHU Z M, XU J, LI H Y, et al., 2024. Coupling coordination between energy consumption carbon emission efficiency and ecological resilience under “dual carbon”[J]. Resources & Industries, 26(3): 21-35.〕

[74] CHANCEL L, 2022. Global carbon inequality over 1990-2019[J]. Nature Sustainability, 5(11): 931-938.

[75] LIU B J, LIU G Y, LI H, et al., 2025. Would widespread adoption of third-generation nuclear power HPR1000 enhance the mitigation of net greenhouse gas emissions?[J]. iScience, 28(3): 111923.

[76] ROH S, TAE S, SUK S J, et al., 2016. Development of a building life cycle carbon emissions assessment program (BEGAS 2.0) for Koreas green building index certification system[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53:954-965. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.048.

[77] YANG X F, ZHANG P, 2023. Emission reduction of low-carbon supply chain based on uncertain differential game[J]. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 199(2): 732-765.

[78] ZHAO B, SHUAI C Y, QU S, et al., 2022. Using deep learning to fill data gaps in environmental footprint accounting[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(16): 11897-11906.