全球镍矿资源分布特征、勘查开发格局与展望

Distribution Characteristics, Exploration and Development Pattern, and Prospects of Global Nickel Resources

摘要

镍矿作为新兴战略性矿产，受到越来越多国家的高度关注。全球镍矿资源丰富，储量和产量集中在少数国家。中国镍矿消费量位居全球首位，产量不能满足国内需求。镍矿的稳定供应对于战略性新兴产业和传统产业都具有重要意义。论文围绕镍矿资源分布特征，聚焦其勘查开发格局开展研究，以期为中国镍矿资源勘查开发和国际合作提供指导。研究结果表明：1）全球镍储量主要集中在印度尼西亚、澳大利亚等5国，其储量全球占比超80%；2）亚洲和澳大利亚分别是拥有大型-超大型镍矿床最多的洲和国家；亚洲和印度尼西亚分别是镍矿勘查开发程度最高的洲和国家；3）近年来，镍矿勘查投资稳中有升，由主要镍资源国和大型矿业公司主导，全球镍矿勘查净增量50万t以上的国家有13个；4）镍矿产量主要集中在6个国家，产量前20的大镍矿公司其产量全球占比约30%；5）东南亚是镍矿的输出中心，东亚是镍矿的进口和消费中心；6）镍矿并购较为活跃，并购活动主要集中在加拿大和澳大利亚等国家。最后，提出镍矿未来需求旺盛，需求增量集中在东亚地区；全球镍矿供应格局变化较快，长期供应有保障；为确保我国镍矿资源长期安全稳定供应，建议增加国内勘查投资，加速技术创新与产业升级，进一步扩大进口来源，加强海外镍矿勘查。

Abstract

As an emerging strategic mineral, nickel has attracted growing attention from many countries. Global nickel resources are abundant, but reserves and production are concentrated in a small number of countries. China ranks first in global nickel consumption, yet domestic output cannot meet demand. A stable supply of nickel is of great significance for both strategic emerging industries and traditional sectors. Focusing on the distribution characteristics of nickel resources, this paper examines the global pattern of exploration and development in order to provide guidance for China's nickel exploration, development, and international cooperation. The results show that: 1) global nickel reserves are mainly concentrated in five countries such as Indonesia and Australia, which together account for more than 80% of the world total; 2) Asia and Australia are, respectively, the continent and country with the largest number of large and super-large nickel deposits, and Asia and Indonesia have the highest levels of exploration and development; 3) in recent years, investment in nickel exploration has steadily increased, led by major nickel-resource countries and large mining companies, and 13 countries have achieved a net increase of more than 0.5 million tons in discovered nickel resources; 4) nickel output is mainly concentrated in six countries, and the top 20 major nickel mining companies account for about 30% of global production; 5) Southeast Asia is the main export hub for nickel, while East Asia is the import and consumption center; and 6) mergers and acquisitions in nickel mining are relatively active, mainly in countries such as Canada and Australia. Finally, the paper notes that nickel demand is expected to remain strong, with incremental demand concentrated in East Asia; the global supply pattern is changing rapidly, but long-term supply is generally secure. To ensure China's long-term secure and stable nickel supply, it is recommended to increase domestic exploration investment, accelerate technological innovation and industrial upgrading, further diversify import sources, and strengthen overseas nickel exploration.

关键词

镍矿资源 / 镍储量 / 分布特征 / 勘查开发

Key words

nickel resources / nickel reserves / distribution characteristics / exploration and development

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基金资助

深地国家科技重大专项项目(2024ZD1002000)

中国地质调查局项目(DD20230900204)