数据要素市场化如何赋能城市绿色全要素生产率?——基于数据交易平台建设的经验证据

How Does the Market—Based Allocation of Data Elements Empower Urban Green Total Factor Productivity? Based on Empirical Evidence from the Development of Data Trading Platforms

摘要

数字经济与绿色发展融合背景下，数据要素对城市绿色全要素生产率具有重要赋能作用，但“数据孤岛”“产权界定模糊”“流通不畅”等市场失灵问题制约其价值转化，搭建数据交易平台作为数据要素市场化配置的制度化载体，成为破解这一矛盾的关键。论文首先构建一个包含代表性厂商、代表性数字企业与代表性家庭的动态一般均衡模型，剖析数据交易平台影响城市绿色全要素生产率的理论逻辑；然后，以数据交易平台建设为准自然实验，基于2013—2023年全国263个地级市面板数据，采用多时点双重差分法实证检验其对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响及作用机制。研究发现：1）数据交易平台建立能显著提升城市绿色全要素生产率，结论经一系列稳健性检验仍然成立；2）作用机制检验表明，数字产业集聚、人力资本结构高级化与营商环境优化是数据交易平台赋能绿色全要素生产率提升的3条核心路径；3）数据交易平台的赋能效应存在异质性，在大中城市、环境重点保护城市以及创业活跃度较高的城市中提升作用更为显著；4）进一步研究发现，数据交易平台的赋能效应受网络基础设施水平制约，呈现显著的双门槛阶梯式上升特征，只有当网络基础设施跨越关键门槛后，平台的制度红利才能充分释放。基于上述发现，建议依托数据交易平台打通“数据—人才—产业—制度”的良性循环通道，并根据城市禀赋差异分类施策，即算力薄弱型城市应优先补齐网络基础设施短板，中等算力城市需提升数据要素与本地产业的匹配效率，算力充裕型城市则应通过高阶要素协同强化数据要素的乘数效应，避免资源盲目投入。

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the integration of the digital economy and green development, data elements play an important enabling role in improving urban green total factor productivity. However, market failures such as data silos, ambiguous property-rights definition, and inefficient circulation constrain the transformation of data value. As an institutional vehicle for the market-based allocation of data elements, the establishment of data trading platforms has become a key means of addressing this contradiction. This paper first constructs a dynamic general equilibrium model comprising representative firms, representative digital enterprises, and representative households to examine the theoretical logic through which data trading platforms affect urban green total factor productivity. It then takes the development of data trading platforms as a quasi-natural experiment and, using panel data for 263 prefecture-level cities from 2013 to 2023, empirically tests their impact on urban green total factor productivity and the underlying mechanisms by applying a staggered difference-in-differences approach. The study finds that: 1) the establishment of data trading platforms significantly improves urban green total factor productivity, and this conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests; 2) mechanism tests show that digital industry agglomeration, the upgrading of human capital structure, and optimization of the business environment constitute three core channels through which data trading platforms empower green total factor productivity; 3) the enabling effect of data trading platforms is heterogeneous, being more pronounced in large and medium-sized cities, cities designated for key environmental protection, and cities with higher entrepreneurial activity; and 4) further analysis indicates that the enabling effect of data trading platforms is constrained by the level of network infrastructure and exhibits a significant double-threshold, stepwise upward pattern. Only when network infrastructure crosses critical thresholds can the institutional dividends of such platforms be fully released. Based on these findings, this paper recommends leveraging data trading platforms to open a virtuous circulation channel linking data, talent, industry, and institutions and adopting differentiated policies according to urban endowments. Specifically, cities with weak computing capacity should prioritize closing gaps in network infrastructure; cities with moderate computing capacity should improve the matching efficiency between data elements and local industries; and cities with abundant computing capacity should strengthen the multiplier effect of data elements through the coordination of higher-order factors, thereby avoiding indiscriminate resource investment.

关键词

数据要素 / 城市绿色全要素生产率 / 数字产业 / 人力资本结构 / 营商环境 / 门槛效应

Key words

data elements / urban green total factor productivity / digital industry / human capital structure / commercial environment / threshold effect

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基金资助

国家社科基金青年项目(24CGJ054)