School of Biomedical Engineering//Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
Objective To develop a hierarchical attention-driven multiple instance learning (HA-MIL) framework for precise grading and staging of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods Whole-slide images (WSIs) and the corresponding clinicopathological labels were obtained from 504 patients from the TCGA-KIRC database. The proposed HA-MIL framework processes WSIs by segmenting them into patches, leverages a hierarchical attention mechanism to discern the significance of instances across different levels and incorporates a dynamic gated fusion module to refine feature aggregation. This approach mitigates the dependency on subjective evaluations by pathologists. Results Experimental results showed that HA-MIL achieved an accuracy of (87.35±0.72)%, an AUC of 0.95, and an F1-score of (86.41±0.63)% in the staging task. For the grading task, the model attained an accuracy of (85.82±0.60)%, an AUC of 0.93, and an F1-score of (86.00±0.65)%. HA-MIL demonstrated significantly higher accuracy and robustness compared to the baseline methods including SVM, DSMIL, and ABMIL. Ablation studies confirmed the contribution of the hierarchical attention mechanism, which improved the accuracy and F1-score by 3.2% and 2.2%, respectively, outperforming the conventional attention mechanisms. Conclusion The HA-MIL framework exhibits superior performance for grading and staging of ccRCC, thus offering a novel, intelligent method for pathological image analysis of ccRCC in the clinical setting.
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