MALDI-TOF MS 可快速检测热带念珠菌的氟康唑耐药性

侯杰 ,  陈维琳 ,  彭亮 ,  乔甫 ,  康梅 ,  马莹

南方医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (07) : 1576 -1584.

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南方医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (07) : 1576 -1584. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.07.11

MALDI-TOF MS 可快速检测热带念珠菌的氟康唑耐药性

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Rapid detection of fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

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摘要

目的 评估基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)的抗真菌药物敏感性试验(MS-AFST)快速检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性的临床应用潜能。 方法 回顾性分析2018~2023年四川大学华西医院血流感染热带念珠菌的检出情况,并经念珠菌显色培养与MALDI-TOF MS行菌种鉴定。抗真菌药物敏感性试验以 CLSI 微量肉汤稀释法(BMD)为参考标准,对比评估 Sensititre YeastOne 显色药敏试验、优化前处理后基于最小谱图改变浓度(MPCC)的 MS-AFST 法检测氟康唑耐药性的一致性。 结果 本研究纳入的41分离株均为热带念珠菌,其唑类耐药率和非野生型菌株占比在36.59%~68.29%,且唑类高度交叉耐药。Sensititre YeastOne与CLSI BMD的分类一致性和基本一致性均为100%,二者最小抑菌浓度高度相关。基于MPCC的MS-AFST可以3 h左右快速检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药表型,与CLSI BMD参考方法和Sensititre YeastOne的分类一致性均为92.68%,基本一致性均为90.24%,极重大误差2株,小误差1株。 结论 基于 MPCC 的 MS-AFST 可快速检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性,且与参考方法一致性较好,但仍存在分类错误,需进一步优化方法并探究其机制。

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based antifungal susceptibility testing (MS-AFST) for rapid detection of fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis. Methods C. tropicalis isolates from patients with bloodstream infections at West China Hospital of Sichuan University (2018-2023) were collected and identified by chromogenic culture and MALDI-TOF MS. Using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution (BMD) method as the reference standard, we compared the performance of the Sensititre YeastOne chromogenic antifungal susceptibility testing and optimized MS-AFST based on the minimum profile change concentration (MPCC). Results All the 41 isolates were confirmed as C. tropicalis, which showed an azole resistance rate of 36.59% and a proportion of non-wild-type strain of 68.29% with high cross-resistance to azoles. The categorical agreement (CA) and essential agreement (EA) between Sensititre YeastOne and CLSI BMD were both 100%, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were highly correlated. The MPCC-based MS-AFST enabled rapid detection of fluconazole-resistant phenotype of C. tropicalis within approximately 3 h, demonstrating a CA of 92.68% and an EA of 90.24% both in comparison with the CLSI BMD reference method and Sensititre YeastOne; very major error\discrepancy occurred in two strains, and minor error\discrepancy occurred in one strain. Conclusion MPCC-based MS-AFST enables rapid, reliable detection of fluconazole resistance in C. tropicalis with good agreement with the reference methods. However, classification errors remain, which should be improved by further technical optimization of this method and exploration of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Graphical abstract

关键词

MALDI-TOF MS / 抗真菌药物耐药性 / 抗真菌药物敏感性试验 / 热带念珠菌 / 氟康唑 / 唑类

Key words

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry / antifungal resistance / antifungal susceptibility testing / Candida tropicalis / fluconazole / azoles

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侯杰,陈维琳,彭亮,乔甫,康梅,马莹. MALDI-TOF MS 可快速检测热带念珠菌的氟康唑耐药性[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2026, 46(07): 1576-1584 DOI:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.07.11

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我国热带念珠菌是侵袭性感染和血流感染排名第2位的非白念珠菌,唑类耐药率明显高于其它念珠菌且呈现持续上升趋势[1-3]。在四川大学华西医院热带念珠菌已成为第1位的非白念珠菌,且唑类药物之间高度交叉耐药,热带念珠菌血症住院病死率可达28.6%[4, 5]。念珠菌血症患者住院病死率会随着抗真菌药物初始治疗天数的延长而显著增加[6],基于药敏结果的初始治疗药物干预可显著降低死亡率[7],这提示热带念珠菌耐药性快速检测技术的开发,对改善患者预后具有重要的临床意义。
目前,临床真菌耐药性检测仍以传统体外抗真菌药物敏感性试验(AFST)为主要方法,但由于其孵育时间长(需过夜孵育),操作繁琐等问题,难以实现快速检测[8]。真菌耐药性的核酸分子检测多基于特定耐药突变的识别,存在未知突变、非突变耐药机制无法检测、基因型与药敏表型矛盾的局限[9]。MALDI-TOF MS用于快速检测念珠菌耐药性已经得到概念验证,其检测方法包括基于最小谱图改变浓度(MPCC)的 MS-AFST[10],结合机器学习[11],MBT-ASTRA[12]和SILAC[13]等试验方案。机器学习目前仅在白念珠菌氟康唑耐药性3h快速检测得以验证,算法流程针对特定菌种和药物,无法直接用于其他念珠菌 [11]。MBT-ASTRA需要特殊内标和未开源软件[14],SILAC需要同位素标记氨基酸培养基[13]。MPCC方法无上述技术局限,具备突出的临床转化潜力,但其具体方案尚未标准化,不同研究间的差异较大[15, 16],仍需方法学改良、标准化和广泛验证。
因此,本研究回顾本院血流感染热带念珠菌的耐药模式,依托MALDI-TOF MS,优化质谱前处理,建立基于MPCC的热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性快速检测方法,并采用临床分离株与临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)M27-A4 微量肉汤稀释法(BMD)及临床常用的Sensititre YeastOne显色抗真菌药敏试验进行一致性验证,为该方法的临床应用提供可靠的数据支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 仪器与试剂

MALDI-TOF microflex® LRF质谱仪(Bruker Daltonik GmbH)、DensiChek比浊仪(bioMérieux)、96孔无菌细胞培养板(BKMAM);念珠菌显色培养基(安图生物)、Sensititre YeastOne显色真菌药敏板(Trek Diagnostic Systems)、RPMI 1640液体生长培养基、氟康唑、甲酸、HCCA基质(Sigma-Aldrich)。

1.2 菌种鉴定

本研究收集四川大学华西医院2018~2023年的热带念珠菌血症患者的非重复热带念珠菌株41株,采用念珠菌显色培养基和MALDI-TOF microflex® LRF质谱仪进行菌种鉴定。

1.3 常规抗真菌药物敏感性试验

Sensititre YeastOne显色真菌药敏试验参照厂商说明书执行。CLSI微量肉汤稀释法真菌药敏试验按CLSI M27指南[18] 执行;克柔念珠菌ATCC 6258,近平滑念珠菌ATCC 22019作为质控菌株。药敏结果均参考CLSI M27M44S[17]念珠菌菌种特异性折点进行耐药性判读。

1.4 基于MALDI-TOF MS检测氟康唑耐药性

取新鲜培养24 h的纯菌落,在5 mL RPMI 1640悬浮菌落,用DensiChek比浊仪调节细胞密度至1.5 McFarland Standard,按1∶10稀释加入最终孵育体积1200 μL,加入氟康唑溶液使其终浓度达到0~256 μg/mL,37 ℃恒温孵育特定时间3 h,然后将培养物进行样本质谱前处理后,用MALDI-TOF microflex® LRF质谱仪获取2000~20 000范围的质谱图。为避免不同样本质谱前处理对质谱图信息造成的干扰,我们结合厂家说明书与先前研究方案[15, 19],评估了4种在细胞水洗、甲酸重悬浓度、无水乙醇处理等存在区别的前处理方案的质谱图效果,并选择最佳前处理方案进行全部测试。方案1(不水洗,70%甲酸重悬,HCCA基质溶液):孵育完培养样本13 000 r/min,离心2 min弃上清,将细胞沉淀重悬于重新悬浮在50 μL 70%甲酸水溶液中,吸取1 μL细胞重悬液点样于靶板,自然干燥后加入1 μL HCCA基质溶液;方案2(水洗,70%甲酸,HCCA基质溶液)即采用MBTCompass IVD用户手册的萃取法;方案3(水洗,30%甲酸重悬,HCCA基质溶液)同先前研究方案[15];方案4(水洗,10%甲酸重悬,无水乙醇,HCCA基质溶液)同先前研究方案[19]。经质谱图效果评估,最终本研究采用样本质谱前处理方案四进行所有菌株的测试。

MALDI-TOF质谱图分析采用MALDI Biotyper进行不同浓度下质谱图的相关性分析[20],计算反映质谱图相似性的综合相关指数(CCI)。CCI取值范围为0~1,数值越大代表质谱图的相似性越高。通过多浓度质谱图比较,绘制CCI矩阵热图,CCI值与颜色色温对应(即CCI值越大,颜色越暖,谱图相似性越高)。最小谱图改变浓度(MPCC)是系列浓度质谱图发生改变的最低抗真菌药物浓度,MPCC与CLSI临床折点比较判读菌株耐药性。

1.5 统计学分析

为评估不同 AFST 方法测定结果之间的定量关系,采用 OriginLab 2021 软件和R 4.4.3 软件构建线性回归模型,通过决定系数(R²)评估模型拟合优度,以P<0.05 为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 菌种鉴定

41株临床分离株均在念珠菌显色培养基上生长形成铁湖蓝色菌落,质谱鉴定结果均为热带念珠菌且Log评分均大于2.0。

2.2 Sensititre YeastOne与CLSI药物敏感性试验

经显色培养基与MALDI-TOF MS鉴定的热带念珠菌临床分离株和质控菌株的Sensititre YeastOne和CLSI M27-A4两种不同的微量肉汤稀释法氟康唑敏感性试验结果(表1),热带念珠菌临床分离株Sensititre YeastOne显色真菌药敏试验的唑类药物MIC结果(图1),热带念珠菌临床分离株Sensititre YeastOne和CLSI M27-A4两种不同的微量肉汤稀释法氟康唑MIC分布(图2),线性回归(图3)。两种方法的分类一致性[CA,被评估药敏方法与参考方法判断试验结果为敏感、剂量依赖性敏感(SDD)耐药的一致性]为100%,基本一致性(EA, 待测方法MIC与参考方法MIC值在±2个稀释度范围内)为100%,MIC完全一致性为90.24%,线性回归R2为0.99286,P<0.001,两种方法具有明显的相关性。

2.3 基于MPCC的MS-AFST

本研究比较了4种不同前处理方法对基于MPCC的MS-AFST的质谱图的影响(图4),结果表明样本前处理方案2(水洗,70%甲酸重悬,HCCA基质溶液方案)效果好于样本前处理方案1(不水洗,70%甲酸重悬,HCCA基质溶液方案),因为对孵育后的热带念珠菌细胞进行离心水洗2次比不水洗生成质量更佳的质谱图,可以产生更多质谱峰信息。此外,甲酸重悬细胞后,在添加HCCA基质之前,添加无水乙醇也能提高获取质谱图的质量,显示更多质谱峰信息,即样本前处理方案4(水洗,10%甲酸重悬,无水乙醇,HCCA基质溶液方案)优于样本前处理方案2和方案3(水洗,30%甲酸重悬,HCCA基质溶液),最终我们采用了样本处理方案4进行后续的所有试验。

41株热带念珠菌临床分离株基于MPCC的MS-AFST的结果(表1),热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药株与敏感株MALDI-TOF MS图相似性的CCI矩阵热图及MPCC判读(图5),如图表所示。基于MPCC的MS-AFST与CLSI BMD参考方法的分类一致性CA为92.68% (38/41),极重大误差(VME,与参考方法相比将耐药误判为敏感,即假敏感)2株,小误差(MIE, 与参考方法相比将SDD判为敏感或耐药、或者将耐药或敏感判为SDD)1株,重大误差(ME,与参考方法相比将敏感误判为耐药,即假耐药)0株;基本一致性EA(MPCC与MIC在±2倍稀释范围内)为90.24% (37/41),MIC完全一致性为46.34% (19/41),有11株热带念珠菌的MPCC值低于相应的MIC值1个稀释度,7株热带念珠菌的MPCC值低于相应的MIC值2个稀释度,还有3株氟康唑耐药株的MPCC(256 µg/mL)比相应的MIC(128 µg/mL)高1个稀释度,线性回归R2为0.5832108,P<0.001。基于MPCC的MS-AFST与Sensititre YeastOne真菌药敏试验分类一致性CA为92.68% (38/41),极重大差异(VMD, 指不同药敏试验检测系统之间结果的差别,将耐药误判为敏感, 即假敏感)2株,小差异(MID, 指不同药敏试验检测系统之间结果的差别,将SDD判为敏感或耐药、或者将耐药或敏感判为SDD)1株,重大差异(MD,指不同药敏试验检测系统之间结果的差别,将敏感误判为耐药,即假耐药)0株;基本一致性EA(MPCC与MIC在±2倍稀释范围内)为90.24% (37/41),MIC完全一致性为56.10% (23/41),有7株热带念珠菌的MPCC值低于相应的MIC值1个稀释度,6株热带念珠菌的MPCC值低于相应的MIC值2个稀释度,还有3株氟康唑耐药株的MPCC(256 µg/mL)比相应的MIC(128 µg/mL)高1个稀释度,线性回归R2为0.5984144,P<0.001(图6)。

3 讨论

本研究热带念珠菌唑类耐药率与CHIF-NET热带念珠菌血症唑类耐药结果很相似,提示唑类不再适用于我国热带念珠菌血症患者的经验性治疗,应该首选棘白菌素类[2]。本研究中热带念珠菌对唑类高度交叉耐药,与本地区流行情况是一致的,这可能与唑类药物靶点基因Erg11突变导致Erg11p修饰或药物外排泵活性增加有关[4]。

Sensititre YeastOne显色真菌药敏试验是一种带有氧化还原生长指示剂的比色微量稀释试验,酵母样真菌的生长会以颜色变化的形式表现出来,这会部分改善对热带念珠菌和白念珠菌因“拖尾”现象造成错误终点判断[21]。CLSI BMD作为AFST参考方法,对于大多数临床常见酵母样真菌有标准化和经大量临床数据评估建立的临床折点(CBP)或者流行病学折点(ECV),结果解释标准程度高,可用于指导临床治疗,但其操作繁琐,耗时费力难以在临床实验室环境中常规应用[22]。早期许多研究[23-29]评估Sensititre YeastOne与CLSI M27旧版本BMD的一致性很高,但分类一致性比较都是基于旧的CLSI 非物种特异性折点。CLSI 修订后新的物种特异性的CBP不仅可以预测临床结果,而且更容易识别那些具有获得性或突变耐药机制的菌株[30-33]。本研究比较Sensititre YeastOne 与CLSI M27-A4 BMD检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性,并采用最新的CLSI M27M44S临床折点计算分类一致性和基本一致性,二者均为100%,表明Sensititre YeastOne具有优良的检测能力。

本研究基于MPCC的MS-AFST检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性均展现了优良的检测能力,分类一致性大于90%,这与Paul等[16]采用大体积YPD肉汤孵育的MS-AFST评估34株热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性的研究结果是一致的,明显优于Saracli等[15]采用1.1~1.3 McFarland稀释10倍、样本前处理方案3的MS-AFST评估37株热带念珠菌唑类耐药性的结果。质谱前处理在甲酸重悬处理后,增加了无水乙醇提取步骤[19],这可能有助于提高热带念珠菌蛋白质提取效率,更高密度的细胞浓度可能也提升检测灵敏度[34]。不同AFST方法间的异质性,耐药分离株的数量都可能造成了MPCC与MIC之间的波动,但根据CLSI指南不同AFST方法2个稀释度内的差异是可以接受的[35],本研究基于MPCC的MS-AFST与CLSI BMD、Sensititre YeastOne方法的EA均为90.24%,CA均为92.68%,符合CA≥90%和EA≥90%的可接受标准。

目前已对热带念珠菌[15, 16]、白念珠菌[10, 15, 19, 20]、光滑念珠菌[15, 20, 36]、近平滑念珠菌[20, 37]和耳念珠菌[38]等进行基于MPCC的MS-AFST的概念验证,但由于缺乏唑类和棘白菌素类相应的MPCC折点,基本上都采用的是CLSI CBP或ECV。因此,还需更多的研究进行MS-AFST的方法学评估,以便对该方法具体方案进行改进、发展和标准化,如建立方法依赖性MPCC的CBP和ECV、创建MS-AFST条件下的参考质谱图、优化相关的软件和算法,以及完善规范的质量控制程序,促其进入临床微生物实验室,才能真正实现MS-AFST价值。

综上所述,本研究实验结果表明,基于MALDI-TOF MS快速检测热带念珠菌氟康唑耐药性是一种应用前景很好的新手段和新方法,为抗真菌药物耐药性快速检测问题的研究提供了一定的实证基础,

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新发突发与重大传染病防控国家科技重大专项(2025ZD01902203)

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