依维莫司通过p70S6K/PI3K/MAPK信号通路抑制厄达替尼耐药的膀胱癌细胞生物学行为

吴浩松 ,  蒋易 ,  张晓林 ,  汪盛

南方医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (08) : 1870 -1877.

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南方医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (08) : 1870 -1877. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.08.14

依维莫司通过p70S6K/PI3K/MAPK信号通路抑制厄达替尼耐药的膀胱癌细胞生物学行为

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Everolimus inhibits malignant phenotype of erdafitinib-resistant bladder cancer cells through the p70S6K/PI3K/MAPK signaling pathway

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摘要

目的 探讨依维莫司通过调控p70S6K/PI3K/MAPK信号通路对膀胱癌耐药细胞RT-112-RS生物学行为的影响。 方法 采用梯度法筛选厄达替尼浓度,选取5 μmol/L作为终浓度并持续诱导16周以建立厄达替尼耐药的RT-112-RS细胞模型。设对照组(RT-112-RS常规培养)、PDGF组(+PDGF-BB)、PDGF+0.01 μmol/L依维莫司组、PDGF+0.1 μmol/L依维莫司组及PDGF+1 μmol/L依维莫司组。CCK-8法测定细胞毒性并计算IC50;划痕和Transwell实验评估迁移与侵袭能力;RT-qPCR检测0.001~1 μmol/L依维莫司处理下相关基因表达;流式细胞术分析凋亡率;Western blotting检测mTORC1/p70S6K、PI3K/Akt及Raf1/MEK/ERK通路关键蛋白磷酸化水平。 结果 依维莫司在0.001~0.1 μmol/L范围内呈剂量依赖性抑制RT-112-RS增殖(P<0.05)。相比RT-112细胞,RT-112-RS迁移与侵袭能力增强(819.83±71.39 vs 1579±136.30,P<0.05)。1 μmol/L依维莫司显著抑制p70S6K磷酸化(P<0.05),但未进一步增强抗增殖效应,并特异性激活Raf1/MEK/ERK通路,对PI3K/Akt(Thr308)或mTORC2/Akt(Ser473)无明显影响。MEK抑制剂U-0126可逆转依维莫司诱导的ERK1/2活化(5.52±0.40 vs 0.74±0.07,P<0.05),PI3K抑制剂LY294002则减弱ERK1/2激活(7.58±1.54 vs 11.2±0.24,P<0.05)。 结论 依维莫司通过抑制p70S6K活性抑制RT-112-RS增殖。而高浓度时可能因减弱负反馈抑制而激活PI3K-Raf1/MEK/ERK通路,从而部分抵消其抗增殖作用。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the regulatory effect of everolimus on biological behaviors of rdafitinib-resistant bladder cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods An erdafitinib-resistant RT-112-RS cell model was established by continuous induction of RT-112 cells with erdafitinib at the optimized concentration (5 μmol/L) for 16 weeks. The resistant cells were treated with PDGF-BB alone or in combination with 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μmol/L everolimus, and the cytotoxicity (IC50) of everolimus was determined with CCK-8 assay. The changes in cell migration and invasion were evaluated using scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assays. The expressions of the genes of interest in the cells treated with everolimus (0.001- 1 μmol/L) were detected using RT-qPCR, and cell apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to assess phosphorylation levels of the key proteins in the mTORC1/p70S6K, PI3K/Akt, and Raf1/MEK/ERK pathways. Results Everolimus within the concentration range of 0.001-0.1 μmol/L dose-dependently inhibited RT-112-RS cell proliferation. RT-112-RS cells showed significantly enhanced migration and invasion compared with their parental RT-112 cells. Treatment with 1 μmol/L everolimus significantly suppressed p70S6K phosphorylation but did not result in an enhanced inhibition of cell proliferation effect. Everolimus at 1 μmol/L significantly activated the Raf1/MEK/ERK pathway without affecting PI3K/Akt (Thr308) or mTORC2/Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation. Treatment of the cells with the MEK inhibitor U-0126 obviously reversed everolimus-induced ERK1/2 activation, while the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 only partially reduced ERK1/2 activation in everolimus-treated cells. Conclusion Everolimus inhibits RT-112-RS cell proliferation by suppressing p70S6K activity, and at high concentrations, everolimus can result in activation of the PI3K-Raf1/MEK/ERK pathway possibly by relieving negative feedback inhibition to partially offset its inhibitory effect on cell proliferation.

Graphical abstract

关键词

膀胱癌 / 依维莫司 / mTOR信号通路 / ERK信号通路

Key words

bladder cancer / everolimus / mTOR signaling pathway / ERK signaling pathway

引用本文

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吴浩松,蒋易,张晓林,汪盛. 依维莫司通过p70S6K/PI3K/MAPK信号通路抑制厄达替尼耐药的膀胱癌细胞生物学行为[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2026, 46(08): 1870-1877 DOI:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.08.14

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膀胱癌作为第10大恶性肿瘤,在全球范围内的发病率和死亡率持续上升[1, 2]。对于肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,顺铂化疗是主要治疗手段,但其疗效常因耐药性而受到显著限制[3, 4]。近年来,免疫和靶向药物治疗逐渐成为重要的替代疗法[5-8]。然而,针对部分管腔I亚型患者,尤其是携带成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)突变的个体,免疫治疗的效果并不理想[9, 10]。因此,在转移性尿路上皮癌的治疗中,FGFR抑制剂因其独特的作用机制成为研究热点。FGFR家族(FGFR1-4)作为酪氨酸激酶受体,在细胞增殖、分化等关键生物学过程中发挥核心作用[11, 12]。在管腔I亚型膀胱癌中,FGFR3常通过基因突变、扩增或TACC3融合异常激活,触发受体二聚化及自磷酸化,进而激活Ras-Raf-MAPK、STAT、PLCγ等多条信号通路[13-15]。值得注意的是,PI3K-AKT-mTORC1通路的激活可进一步磷酸化4E结合蛋白1和p70核糖体蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K)等效应分子,通过促进蛋白质合成和核糖体生物发生显著加速肿瘤进展[16, 17]。这些发现为FGFR靶向治疗提供了重要理论基础。厄达替尼是首个获FDA批准用于FGFR2/3突变型晚期尿路上皮癌的靶向药物,适用于含铂化疗失败的患者[18, 19]。然而,部分患者仍面临原发耐药或继发耐药问题[20]。前期研究表明,雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)抑制剂虽能有效抑制多种细胞增殖[21, 22],但激活AKT和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)通路的具体调控机制尚不明确[23-25]。新型mTOR抑制剂依维莫司具有优异的药代动力学特性[26],因此,本研究通过建立厄达替尼耐药细胞系RT-112-RS,探究其对耐药细胞的抑制作用,旨在阐明依维莫司对耐药细胞中Akt和ERK信号通路的调控作用及其分子机制。

1 材料和方法

1.1 主要材料

人膀胱癌细胞系细胞株RT-112细胞购自普诺赛有限公司(CL-0682),在37 ℃、5% CO2的环境下培养。1640培养基、FBS、厄达替尼、依维莫司、PDGF-BB(Gibco),Trizol试剂(Invitrogen),Plus All-in-one 1st SrandcDNA Synthesis SuperMix (gDNA Purge)、SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus(苏州近岸蛋白质科技股份有限公司),Tris/甘氨酸/SDS电泳缓冲液、转膜缓冲液、快速封闭液(上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司),Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Kit(GLPBIO),兔多克隆抗体Raf1、兔多克隆抗体ERK1/2、HRP标记二抗山羊抗兔IgG(成都正能生物技术有限公司),兔多克隆抗体Anti-phospho-RAF1(北京博森奥生物技术有限公司),兔多克隆抗体Phospho-ERK1/2、兔单克隆抗体AKT、兔多克隆抗体Phospho-AKT(Thr308)、Phospho-AKT(Ser473)、p70S6Kinase、Phospho-p70S6Kinase、兔单克隆抗体GAPDH(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 耐药细胞株RT-112-RS的筛选与建立

本研究采用人膀胱癌细胞系RT-112细胞株,于含10%胎牛血清的1640培养基中,5% CO2 37 ℃恒温培养箱内进行培养。对RT-112细胞进行Erdafitinib筛选,药物浓度为1、5、10 μmol/L,测定不同浓度下细胞的IC50值并计算RI,选择能够使细胞稳定生长且RI>5的药物浓度,确定终浓度为5 μmol/L,培养周期16周,将该细胞株命名为RT-112-RS。

1.2.2 CCK-8法检测细胞活力

RT-112细胞接种于96孔板中,设置5个复孔/组,每孔接种5000个细胞,并加入100 μL完全培养基。待细胞贴壁后,在避光条件下加入10 μL/孔 CCK-8试剂,随后将培养板放回培养箱中孵育2 h。使用酶标仪测定各孔的吸光度A450 nm,并在0、24、48 h 3个时间点连续记录检测结果。通过所获得的数据评估细胞在不同时间点的生长状态,最终计算细胞增殖率与抑制率。采用GraphPad Prism 10软件进行数据处理,通过Logistic回归模型对不同药物浓度下的细胞存活率进行拟合,以药物浓度为横坐标、细胞存活率为纵坐标绘制曲线,该曲线中细胞存活率降至50%时对应的药物浓度即为IC50值。

1.2.3 Transwell 实验检测细胞迁移与侵袭能力

RT-112和RT-112-RS细胞在无血清RPMI 1640培养基中重悬并计数,接种至Transwell板(5×104/孔)作为上室,并在24孔板中加入600 μL含20%胎牛血清的1640培养基作为下室培养液,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。孵育结束后,依次进行4%多聚甲醛固定1 h、0.1%结晶紫染色15 min。最后使用PBS洗涤细胞3次并晾干,在200倍显微镜下拍照并统计细胞迁移率。

1.2.4 划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力

RT-112和RT-112-RS细胞消化并离心后,以5×105/孔的密度重新接种于6孔板中,加入培养基培养至细胞融合度达到90%以上。随后在显微镜下使用移液枪头进行划痕处理,完成后更换为无血清培养基继续培养。分别在0、24、48 h观察并记录划痕面积,使用ImageJ软件对图像进行分析,计算细胞迁移率。

1.2.5 流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡

细胞接种于6孔板中,过夜贴壁后开始加药。48 h后进行清洗,消化并离心收集细胞。PBS重悬计数,取适量细胞再次离心,Annexin V结合缓冲液重悬。随后加入Annexin V-FITC和碘化丙啶染色液避光孵育。孵育结束后使用流式细胞仪检测染色情况。

1.2.6 实时荧光定量PCR检测基因表达

TRIzol法分离总RNA,M-MuLV逆转录酶合成cDNA。根据SYBR green mix试剂盒进行qRT-PCR反应,Lightcycler 96实时PCR系统扩增。以GAPDH为内参基因,对目的基因的表达水平进行标准化处理,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达量。实验所用引物由生工生物工程有限公司合成,引物序列如下:GAPDH(F:5'-TGAAC-GGGAAGCTCACTGG-3',R:5'-TCCACCACCCTG-TTGCTGTA-3');p70S6K:F:5'-ATGCTGCTTCTCG-TCT-3',R:5'-TTGAGTCATCTGGGCTGT-3')。

1.2.7 Western blotting检测蛋白表达水平

使用含有蛋白酶抑制剂与磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA缓冲液裂解细胞,BCA蛋白检测试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。等量总蛋白上样,分别在7.5%和10% SDS-PAGE凝胶中进行电泳分离,并使用湿转法转移至PVDF膜。膜经快速封闭液封闭30 min后,4 ℃条件下孵育一抗过夜,所用一抗包括GAPDH(1∶10 000),Raf1(1∶1000),p-Raf1(1∶500),ERK-1/2(1∶1000),p-ERK-1/2(1∶1000),AKT(1∶1000),p-AKT(Thr308)(1∶1000),p-AKT(Ser473)(1∶1000),p70S6K(1∶1000),p-p70S6K(1∶500)。随后TBST洗膜,室温下使用HRP标记的二抗(1∶5000)孵育1 h。ECL化学发光试剂显影拍照,ImageJ软件半定量分析。

1.3 统计学分析

使用SPASS 25.0软件进行统计分析,GraphPad Prism 10软件绘图。计量资料以均数±标准差表示。符合正态分布的两组数据比较采用配对样本t检验,多组数据比较使用单因素方差分析,方差不齐应用非参数秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 RT-112和RT-112-RS在含有厄达替尼培养基中的迁移和侵袭能力

随着厄达替尼浓度的增加,RT-112细胞的存活率下降(P<0.05,图1B)。采用5 μmol/L厄达替尼对RT-112进行重复处理以构建耐药细胞模型。经过16周的处理后,所获得细胞的IC 50值相对亲本RT-112细胞提高了约5倍(P<0.05,图1D)。与RT-112组相比,RT-112-RS组细胞的侵袭和迁移能力增强(P<0.05,图1A),并且展现出显著增强的细胞迁移能力,随培养时间的延长而提升(P<0.05,图1C)。

经0.01 μmol/L依维莫司处理后,RT-112-RS细胞增殖抑制率在24 h低于20%,在48 h时则升高至约35%。在1 μmol/L依维莫司组中,24 h和48 h的抑制率均低于0.1 μmol/L组(P<0.05,图1E)。

2.2 依维莫司对 p-p70S6K和细胞凋亡的影响

Western blotting实验结果显示,PDGF-BB能够上调p70S6K的磷酸化水平,与单独使用PDGF-BB相比,依维莫司(0.01~1 μmol/L)能够以剂量依赖的方式抑制p70S6K的磷酸化水平(P<0.05,图2A)。mRNA检测结果显示,依维莫司并不影响其转录水平(P>0.05,图2B)。利用流式细胞术进一步探究依维莫司对细胞凋亡的影响,0.01 μmol/L的依维莫司对细胞凋亡无显著影响。当浓度升高至0.1 μmol/L时,细胞凋亡率较0.01 μmol/L时有所上升(P<0.05,图2C)。

2.3 1 μmol/L依维莫司在体外激活Raf1-MEK-ERK,但不激活PI3K/Akt(Thr308)和mTORC2-Akt(Ser473)

Western blotting检测结果表明,相较于对照组,经1 μmol/L依维莫司干预后,p-Akt(Ser473)、p-Akt(Thr308)、p-Raf1和p-ERK1/2的表达均升高(P<0.05,图3)。进一步评估依维莫司对ERK1/2信号通路的影响,发现0.1 μmol/L依维莫司对p - ERK1/2的表达水平无显著影响。而1 μmol/L依维莫司能够上调p-ERK1/2的表达水平,且这一效应能被MEK1/2抑制剂U-O126(10 μmol/L)有效阻断(P<0.05,图4A)。

2.4 1 μmol/L依维莫司诱导激活位于p70S6K/PI3K下游的ERK1/2

1 μmol/L 依维莫司与PDGF-BB共刺激能够触发ERK1/2的过度活化,而使用不可逆的PI3K抑制剂LY294002(10 μmol/L)预处理细胞后,可有效抑制依维莫司介导的ERK1/2活化(P<0.05,图5B)。

2.5 1 μmol/L依维莫司抑制厄达替尼耐药膀胱癌细胞的迁移与侵袭能力

与厄达替尼耐药细胞相比,经0.1 μmol/L依维莫司处理后,耐药细胞的迁移与侵袭能力受到抑制,但当依维莫司浓度提高时,耐药细胞的迁移侵袭能力反而有所增强(P<0.05,图6)。然而,使用MEK抑制剂U-0126或PI3K抑制剂LY294002可部分逆转这一增强作用(P<0.05,图6)。

3 讨论

mTOR作为PI3K/Akt信号通路的关键激酶,在细胞的增殖调控中发挥核心作用[16, 30]。抑制mTORC1能够通过上调生长因子受体活性,激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)和ERK通路[31-33]。同时,mTOR抑制引发的代谢重编程(如腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶激活)也可能对PI3K和ERK通路产生影响[34, 35]。本研究通过构建厄达替尼耐药细胞系RT-112-RS,深入探讨了mTOR抑制剂依维莫司的抗增殖机制。实验结果显示,依维莫司在0.001~0.1 μmol/L范围内呈现剂量依赖性抑制细胞增殖。然而,当依维莫司浓度升高至1 μmol/L时,虽然显著抑制了p70S6K的磷酸化,却未进一步增强对细胞增殖的抑制效果。已有研究表明,解除mTORC1抑制后的p70S6K负反馈调控主要作用于MAPK通路而非PI3K通路[36-41]。p70S6K主要通过促进IRS降解来抑制PI3K信号,高浓度的依维莫司能够强烈抑制p70S6K,解除其对PI3K的负调控,间接激活Raf1/MEK/ERK通路,最终抵消其抗增殖效应[42]。Western blotting分析表明,1 μmol/L依维莫司选择性激活了Raf1/MEK/ERK通路,而非PI3K/Akt通路。此外,MEK抑制剂U-0126能够完全阻断ERK的激活,从而证实了这一补偿性信号通路的活化。本研究发现,在RT-112-RS细胞中,mTORC1的抑制主要导致Raf1磷酸化,并进一步激活了MEK/ERK级联反应。为进一步验证补偿性信号通路激活机制,我们采用了PI3K抑制剂LY294002进行干预实验。结果显示,抑制PI3K活性可显著减弱1 μmol/L依维莫司诱导的ERK激活,从而证实了PI3K在负反馈环路中的关键作用。这一独特的信号重编程现象解释了为何高浓度依维莫司未能增强抗增殖效果,也进一步提示联合靶向mTORC1和MEK/ERK通路可能是逆转厄达替尼耐药的有效策略[43-46]。此外,细胞在高浓度依维莫司下仍能存活,表明存在复杂的耐受机制。

在细胞迁移与侵袭方面,研究结果显示,0.1 μmol/L依维莫司可显著抑制RT-112-RS细胞的迁移与侵袭能力;然而,当浓度提升至1 μmol/L时,细胞的迁移侵袭能力反而出现回升,这提示高浓度依维莫司可能引发促转移相关的补偿性激活。进一步的机制验证显示,MEK 抑制剂U-0126或PI3K抑制剂LY294002能够明显逆转这一增强效应,说明依维莫司对耐药膀胱癌细胞迁移侵袭的调控依赖于PI3K/Akt与ERK通路的交叉作用。高浓度依维莫司通过解除p70S6K介导的负反馈,激活PI3K-Raf1/MEK/ERK轴,不仅削弱了其抗增殖作用,还降低了对细胞运动能力的抑制效果,这可能是厄达替尼耐药细胞在mTOR抑制剂单药处理下仍保持较高迁移侵袭潜能的重要原因。

本研究系统性地阐明了依维莫司在RT-112-RS细胞中对mTORC1信号通路的抑制作用及其引发的负反馈调控机制。研究发现,1 μmol/L依维莫司在显著抑制p70S6K磷酸化的同时,通过解除负反馈激活PI3K-Raf1/MEK1/2-ERK信号通路,从而维持了细胞增殖能力。尽管该浓度的依维莫司能够更高效地阻断mTORC1下游信号传导,但其诱发的补偿性机制可能部分削弱了其抗增殖效应。这一结果为深入解析癌细胞耐药机制提供了重要的理论依据。然而,本研究仅基于RT-112-RS细胞系展开实验验证,未来需进一步扩展至其他细胞模型及体内实验体系以增强结论的普适性。此外,尽管我们的研究初步揭示了依维莫司对Raf1/MEK/ERK通路的影响,但尚未深入探讨其与mTORC2、PTEN等关键因子之间的协同作用关系。因此,后续研究应结合基因编辑技术与动物模型,系统解析依维莫司的作用机制,并探索其与PI3K抑制剂或MEK抑制剂联合治疗的潜在临床价值。

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基金资助

安徽省自然科学基金(1808085MH293)

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