荒漠放线菌的资源分布、多样性及分离方法研究进展

李帅 ,  董雷 ,  李文均

生物资源 ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (05) : 481 -493.

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生物资源 ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (05) : 481 -493. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.2020.05.002
综述

荒漠放线菌的资源分布、多样性及分离方法研究进展

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Distribution, diversity, and isolation methods of Actinobacteria in desert

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摘要

荒漠具有高度干旱、植被稀少和强辐射等特征,是极端放线菌资源的宝库。近年来,多种荒漠来源的放线菌新分类单元和新结构活性天然产物被报道,引起了人们的极大兴趣。了解荒漠放线菌的群落结构特征,选择有效的分离方法是挖掘荒漠放线菌物种资源的关键。本文综述了全球主要荒漠区放线菌的资源分布与多样性,归纳分析了荒漠放线菌的主要分离方法及存在问题,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。

Abstract

Desert is characteristic of high aridity, sparse vegetation and intense radiation and thus is a treasury of extreme Actinobacteria. In recent years, multiple novel Actinobacteria taxa and related bioactive natural products have been retrieved from desert habitats, which has drawn much attention from microbiologists. Understanding actinobacterial community structure and selecting effective isolation methods are the key to mining actinobacterial resources in desert ecosystems. This review summarizes actinobacterial diversity and distribution in major desert regions worldwide, main isolation methods and current problems for isolating actinobacterial resources, and prospects for future research work.

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关键词

荒漠放线菌 / 资源分布 / 多样性 / 分离方法

Key words

desert Actinobacteria / resource distribution / diversity / isolation method

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李帅,董雷,李文均. 荒漠放线菌的资源分布、多样性及分离方法研究进展[J]. 生物资源, 2020, 42(05): 481-493 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.2020.05.002

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0 引 言

荒漠是指由于降水稀少或蒸发量大而形成的气候干燥、植被贫乏、环境荒凉的地区,占全球陆地总面积的30%1。根据组成物质不同,荒漠可分为岩漠、砾漠、沙漠、泥漠和盐漠等多种类型,并以沙漠区域分布最为广泛,该区域特征为地表有大片沙丘覆盖2。近年来,高通量测序技术与微生物系统学快速发展,极大地促进了人们对荒漠微生物群落结构的认识。研究表明,微生物是荒漠生物量的最大组成部分,且具有非常重要的生态学功能3。同时,荒漠环境中还蕴藏着大量的放线菌新物种资源,尤其是稀有放线菌类群4,可产生多种类型的新结构活性物质5,是新型药物先导化合物和抗感染药物研发的新“源泉”。

因此,调查荒漠放线菌的资源分布和多样性,建立针对荒漠来源放线菌的高效分离培养方法,是开展荒漠放线菌资源挖掘的重要基础。本文综述了近二十年来国内外在荒漠放线菌资源研究过程中取得的进展,总结了荒漠放线菌的主要选择性分离培养方法,以期对未来放线菌资源的发掘和开发利用提供借鉴和指导。

1 荒漠放线菌的资源分布与群落结构组成

随着微生物分离培养与分子生物学技术的快速发展,荒漠放线菌资源相关研究愈发丰富多样且深入。为了挖掘更加丰富的荒漠放线菌资源,我们首先要对全球荒漠放线菌的资源分布与群落结构组成情况有所掌握。

1.1 荒漠放线菌的地理分布与生态位

荒漠环境在全球分布极为广泛,除南北极荒漠区外,其它主要位于北回归线(23°26′ N)与南回归线(23°26′ S)附近。南极洲是地球上最大的荒漠区,其次为撒哈拉大沙漠。根据气候特征,荒漠可被分为热荒漠、冷荒漠和极地荒漠三种类型。温度、降雨量和干旱度等因素的差异塑造了全球荒漠区复杂多样的微生物结构特征6,其中放线菌所占比例也各不相同(见图1)。通常情况下,放线菌在绝大多数荒漠环境中占绝对主导地位。有统计显示,全球荒漠区中的放线菌平均占比高达25.5%7。值得注意的是,对于一些极端干旱荒漠而言,如阿塔卡玛沙漠,放线菌门的相对丰度往往会更高,并呈现随干旱程度增加而升高的趋势8

近二十年来,人们对全球主要荒漠区多种生境开展了放线菌资源的免培养(高通量测序分析)和纯培养研究(分离、培养),如裸沙(地表无植被)、生物结皮、植物根际、石表(内)、沙尘(气溶胶)和植物体等(见表1表2)。

1.2 荒漠放线菌的多样性

许多证据显示,世界各荒漠区的放线菌资源分布存在显著差异9~42。例如:

(1)美洲。位于南美洲的阿塔卡玛沙漠有着“微生物生命干旱极限区”之称,是荒漠放线菌资源研究的热点地区,且报道最多。阿塔卡玛沙漠地区放线菌物种资源极为丰富43,在低海拔和高海拔干旱区相对丰度高达75%44和98%36,而在部分核心极端干旱区占比常在94%以上45。该地区占主导地位的放线菌类群为酸微菌科(Acidimicrobiaceae)、地嗜皮菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)、微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、小单孢菌科(Micromonosporaceae)和诺卡氏菌科(Nocardiaceae)等46。利用免培养技术分析北美洲的莫哈韦沙漠、索诺兰沙漠及科罗拉多高原生物结皮中的微生物群落结构组成,结果发现,放线菌门在三地表层生物结皮中的相对丰度分别为9%、15%和12%;此外,莫哈韦沙漠次表层生物结皮放线菌相对丰度约为上表层的两倍28。在此之前,研究者结合免培养与纯培养技术研究科罗拉多高原荒漠生物结皮中的放线菌资源,共检测到包括链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、地嗜皮菌属(Geodermatophilus游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)及类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)在内共18个属47。放线菌门在沙漠岩漆样品中的相对丰度高达58.4%,且主要类群为地嗜皮菌科和红色杆菌科(Rubrobacteraceae)48

(2)亚洲。一些砂质荒漠(如古尔班通古特沙漠、戈壁荒漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠)的放线菌相对丰度为2%~18%1011,相比阿塔卡玛沙漠而言更低。巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的放线菌占比为35%和29%,且以地嗜皮菌科为主(27.4%,18.2%)12。青藏高原可培养放线菌类群主要为链霉菌属、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、糖丝菌属(Saccharothrix)、链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas14。通过免培养测序发现,印度塔尔沙漠地区放线菌占比38.7%,明显高于其它细菌类群,并以链霉菌属、地嗜皮菌属、壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、酸土单胞菌属(Aciditerrimonas)和盖勒氏菌属(Gaiella)居多,同时也存在大量暂未分类的科级别放线菌类群16。纯培养结果则指出,该地区主要可培养放线菌类群为马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、野野村菌属(Nonomuraea)、螺孢菌属(Spirillospora)和链霉菌属15。而位于巴基斯坦境内的科里斯坦沙漠(印度称塔尔沙漠)可培养放线菌类群主要为链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)、假诺卡氏菌科(Pseudonocardiaceae)和微球菌科17

(3)非洲。非洲北部撒哈拉沙漠干旱区存在着丰富的可培养嗜盐放线菌资源,主要类群为多孢放线菌属(Actinopolyspora)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)、布劳氏菌属(Prauserella)、糖单孢菌属(Saccharomonospora)和糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora),且绝大多数菌株存在NRPS和PKS⁃II基因簇49。非洲纳米布沙漠沙丘不同海拔梯度的群落结构组成差异,显示随着沙丘坡度降低,放线菌门相对丰度呈上升趋势,且在沙丘间底床达到最高(51%),其中地嗜皮菌属、芽生球菌属(Blastococcus)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)占绝对优势24。一项对非洲南部喀拉哈里沙漠的研究指出,该地区放线菌在表层土(1~2 cm深度)中的相对丰度较生物结皮中更高,且主要类群为假诺卡氏菌科和动孢囊菌科(Kineosporiaceae)27

(4)南极洲。截至目前,国内外对极地荒漠放线菌资源的报道较少。有研究指出,放线菌门在南极干谷寒冷土壤中广泛分布且占绝对优势4250,而在高海拔地区的青藏苔原地区则为次要类群51。南极麦克默多干谷存在大量未培养放线菌类群,如类诺卡氏菌属和假诺卡氏菌属,以及地嗜皮菌属、贫养杆菌属(Modestobacter)和游鱼孢菌属(Sporichthya)等诸多稀有放线菌类群;此外,在可培养放线菌中,链霉菌属占绝对优势(多于80%)41。Rego等42则指出,该地区放线菌占比超过30%,主要类群为红色杆菌科和尤泽比氏菌科(Euzebyaceae)。

(5)欧洲。对西班牙塔韦尔纳斯沙漠土壤和生物结皮的调查结果显示,其放线菌类群占比为23.7%~31.2%,且红色杆菌属(Rubrobacter)在其中占主导地位38。而另一项研究则发现,塔韦尔纳斯沙漠不同类型生物结皮中放线菌相对丰度约为11.62%~12.68%52。此外,欧洲北极荒漠地区土壤中放线菌比例约占11.2%~29.76%,并以放线菌目(Actinomycetales)、酸微菌目(Acidimicrobiales)、盖勒氏菌目(Gaiellales)和壤红杆菌目(Solirubrobacterales)为主要分类单元3953

(6)澳洲。澳大利亚斯图尔特沙漠国家公园土壤样品中红色杆菌属在放线菌类群中占绝对优势37。另外一项研究则指出,吉布森沙漠中存在着大量的可培养放线菌类群(72%),且以微球菌属(Micrococcus)和两面神菌属(Janibacter)为主26

综上所述,相比于普通土壤或其它一些极端生境而言,荒漠中放线菌相对丰度往往更高,且蕴藏着极为丰富的稀有放线菌资源,如地嗜皮菌科、小单孢菌属、红色杆菌属和诺卡氏菌属等。此外,荒漠中也存在大量的放线菌未分类单元亟待人们去挖掘和开发利用。

1.3 免培养与纯培养方法的比较分析

众所周知,免培养技术能够规避微生物的分离培养,进而直接获取环境微生物群落的组成信息,这极大地扩充了人们对微生物多样性的认识。但受DNA提取、PCR扩增及序列处理方法等多种因素影响,该技术也存在诸多不足之处,如难以捕获低丰度类群、鉴定未分类单元等54。Sun等12同时采用高通量测序与纯培养方法对巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠微生物群落进行了调查,结果发现,两个沙漠采用两种方法同时能检测到的属(相对丰度大于1%)分别仅占4.3%和32.2%,而对相对丰度低于0.1%的稀有属而言,分别仅占14%和17.1%;此外,在该研究中,成功分离的菌株中有81个属在高通量测序结果中并没有出现。另一项研究也指出,南极荒漠土壤中得到成功分离的类群中有50%在高通量测序结果中未被检出,而其中微球菌科和皮生球菌科(Dermacoccaceae)在所有样品的免培养测序结果中均不存在42。这种低互补性充分说明了免培养与纯培养技术在针对荒漠放线菌资源调查过程中各自的局限性。因此,为了系统研究特定沙漠区域的放线菌多样性,不仅需要针对免培养测序分析方法进行优化,提高测序结果的覆盖度和精度,还需要结合纯培养菌种的分离和归属,综合获取更加准确的多样性特征。

1.4 荒漠放线菌新物种资源及其分类情况

新物种资源是微生物研究工作的重要材料基础。近年来,随着微生物系统与分类学的快速发展,人们对荒漠放线菌资源的认识不断加深,越来越多的学者投身于荒漠放线菌可培养物种资源的挖掘中。经统计,从2000年至今已有123个荒漠放线菌新物种被陆续发表,分布于3个纲,12个目,24个科和51个属中。其中,中国(44种)和智利(21种)是这些新物种的主要来源国家,而发表新物种数量最多的三个荒漠区依次为撒哈拉沙漠(19种)、阿塔卡玛沙漠(16种)和塔克拉玛干沙漠(15种)。值得注意的是,在2000-2012年间,荒漠放线菌新物种年发表文章数量整体处于较低水平,而后则逐渐增加,并在近两年呈现出快速增长的态势(见图2)。另外,在近20年间已发表的荒漠放线菌新物种中,链霉菌属占比最高(19种),其次为地嗜皮菌属(11种)、小单孢菌属(5种)和贫养杆菌属(5种)等(见表2)。

2 荒漠放线菌的分离培养方法

从环境中分离并获得微生物的纯培养物,是了解和利用微生物的关键步骤,但目前仍有99%未成功分离培养55。为了最大限度分离荒漠环境放线菌,必须依靠高效且有针对性的分离培养策略。目前的优化策略主要体现在样品预处理、化学抑制剂、培养基设计和培养温度等方面(表3)。此外,也可根据样品理化参数或免培养测序结果指导设计适合的分离培养方法41

2.1 预处理方法

预处理程序能够通过选择性抑制非目标类群的生长,进而增加目标类群比例。研究中常采用物理或化学的方法对样品进行预处理。一般而言,土壤在室温下干燥能够抑制除放线菌外的绝大多数细菌的生长56。研究发现,自然风干、120 ℃干热处理有利于荒漠环境样品中链霉菌属、小单孢菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、拟诺卡氏菌属、拟无枝酸菌属、诺卡氏菌属及链孢囊菌属等类群的分离151857。酚类添加物被推荐用于分离土壤中的稀有放线菌,如小单孢菌属和小双孢菌属(Microbispora58。有学者采用苯酚(1.5%,m/V)湿热处理的方法,从智利阿塔卡玛沙漠中分离出一大批小单孢菌属潜在新物种59。也有研究采用CaCO3与样品按1∶10比例混合孵育的方法以增加产孢放线菌的出菌率17。超声处理也常被应用于荒漠样品的预处理中,此方法一方面能够有效杀死常见的细菌类群,另一方面也有助于放线菌细胞或孢子从砂石颗粒上脱落,为其提供更多生长的可能性。

2.2 培养基

研究发现,SCA(starch casein agar)培养基对链霉菌属和小单孢菌属等类群有较好的选择性6061。2008年Hozzein等57为分离荒漠环境放线菌设计了一种新型寡营养培养基(minimal medium, MM),能明显减少细菌和真菌的菌落数,并对链霉菌属、拟诺卡氏菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、拟无枝酸菌属和诺卡氏菌属等放线菌类群表现出较强的选择性。除SCA和MM培养基外,AIA、HV、R2A以及ISP系列培养基也都是荒漠放线菌分离培养常用的培养基。

2.3 抑制剂

除样品预处理和培养基选择外,为进一步提高选择性和放线菌出菌率,人们常会向培养基中添加一些抗细菌、抗真菌药物或趋化剂62。研究发现,在荒漠放线菌的分离过程中,放线菌酮(cycloheximide,CHX)、萘啶酮酸(nalidixic acid,NA)以及制霉菌素(nystatin,NS)是最常用的三种抑制剂成分,当然也有研究选择重铬酸钾(potassium dichromate,PD)或其它一些不常用化合物作为抑制剂。

2.4 培养温度

荒漠环境通常昼夜温差较大,且不同荒漠区的温度也不尽相同,这导致荒漠中不同放线菌的最适生长温度可能存在很大差异。在对某一荒漠区放线菌进行分离前,了解采样时样地的气温以及样品温度是极为必要的,其能够为后期培养温度的选择提供参考依据。为了更全面地描述可培养荒漠放线菌的群落结构,学者们往往会采用两个或以上的培养温度。Fatahi‑Bafghi等21对卢特沙漠放线菌进行分离的过程中发现,培养温度为27 ℃时放线菌的出菌率明显高于37 ℃。26~28 ℃通常被认为是分离放线菌的最佳温度,因为目前已发表的放线菌大多数是在该温度或接近该温度时具有最佳生长状态。当然,根据目标分离类群的不同,灵活选择一些较低或较高的培养温度往往会获得更多嗜冷或嗜热荒漠放线菌类群1842

荒漠环境因素复杂多样,不同地区和生态位的放线菌群落组成差异较大,因此设计分离培养方法必须以具体环境和样品特征为依据。另外,由于大多数放线菌在荒漠环境中常处于休眠状态,复苏较为缓慢,在分离培养过程中也需考虑到培养时间所带来的重要影响,适当延长培养时间可能会有意想不到的收获63。近年来,稀有放线菌资源的挖掘是放线菌资源研究的热点领域,诸如小单孢菌属、拟诺卡氏菌属和拟无枝酸菌属等类群蕴藏着强大的代谢潜能,它们独特的代谢特征驱动产生了一些结构新颖独特的活性天然产物6465,但稀有放线菌类群分离培养相对较难,方法也更加复杂多样459。天才(Gifted)和稀有(Rare)放线菌往往是荒漠放线菌资源领域中分离培养的重点类群4。目前,有效发表的微生物物种都有其独特的生境来源、营养需求、生理特点及培养条件。近年来,运用宏基因组技术对荒漠放线菌未培养类群进行的生理代谢功能(如碳、氮源利用情况)预测研究大量涌现,可据此尝试设计一些荒漠放线菌的分离方案,用以分离特定类群菌株。此外,在线网站或科研工具(如KOMODO66、BacDive67等)也能够帮助研究者有针对性地设计分离培养基和培养条件。

3 展 望

随着微生物生态学和系统学的发展,荒漠环境中蕴藏的丰富放线菌资源逐渐被人们所认识。大量证据显示,荒漠中存在丰富的放线菌“暗物质”。截至目前,人们已从荒漠环境中分离出许多放线菌优良菌株资源,但分离技术多数仍停留在对普通环境放线菌分离培养方法的模仿或稍加改良阶段,荒漠放线菌难分离、难培养的问题依然严峻。另外值得注意的是,尽管有关荒漠放线菌的研究已在全球范围内开展,但在澳洲、南北极及非洲等地区的研究还十分欠缺。与此同时,对于荒漠放线菌的适应机制

以及群落间相互作用(如菌‒菌,菌‒植物,菌‒动物)仍有诸多未知。

深入了解荒漠放线菌的资源分布及多样性有助于提高人们对荒漠生态系统功能的认知,而有效可行的分离培养方法则是荒漠放线菌资源充分开发利用的保障。近年来,随着宏基因组学、代谢组学、共培养以及培养组学等技术的快速发展,荒漠放线菌研究领域也迈出了新的步伐。要使荒漠放线菌能够真正发挥其潜能和优势,不仅要加大其资源分布和多样性的调查力度,更为重要的是做好分离培养方法的开发和创新,借此丰富全球荒漠放线菌菌种资源库,加大对优质放线菌菌种资源的研究与开发,为人类的生活、生产提供更加充足的资源保障。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(31670009)

国家自然科学基金项目(31850410475)

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