微生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮的释放机理及减释措施

何腾霞 ,  陈梦苹 ,  丁晨雨 ,  李祝 ,  刘玉婷 ,  王婧

生物资源 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (01) : 17 -25.

PDF (606KB)
生物资源 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (01) : 17 -25. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.2021.01.003
综述

微生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮的释放机理及减释措施

作者信息 +

The release mechanism of nitrous oxide during microbial nitrogen removal process and related measures to lower its emission

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (619K)

摘要

微生物脱氮是去除废水中含氮污染物质的重要方法,微生物的种类及其生存环境不同会导致其释放N2O的途径及机理具有差异性。本文系统地综述了脱氮过程产生N2O微生物的种类、特点及其释放N2O的多重途径,综合分析了参与N2O形成的相关酶类和影响N2O释放的关键因素,同时,提出了减缓生物脱氮过程释放N2O的相关措施,对未来脱氮工艺的优化与N2O释放的控制提供新思路。

Abstract

Biological nitrogen removal is an important method to remove nitrogen⁃containing pollutants in wastewater. However, the different types of microorganisms and their living environments would lead to differences in the ways and mechanisms of N2O emission. This article systematically reviews the types and characteristics of microorganisms that produce N2O, and the multiple pathways of N2O emission during nitrogen removal process. We comprehensively analyze the corresponding enzymes involved in the formation of N2O and key factors affecting N2O release. Meanwhile, some relevant measures are proposed to lower N2O emission in the biological denitrification process. This paper would provide new ideas for the optimization of the future biological denitrification process and the control of N2O release.

Graphical abstract

关键词

N2O / 脱氮微生物种类 / N2O产生途径 / 酶类

Key words

N2O / denitrifying microbe / N2O producing pathway / enzyme

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
何腾霞,陈梦苹,丁晨雨,李祝,刘玉婷,王婧. 微生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮的释放机理及减释措施[J]. 生物资源, 2021, 43(01): 17-25 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.2021.01.003

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

0 引 言

到目前为止,释放到环境中的活性氮已超过了地球的可承受范围,含氮污染物的过量积累对生态系统的功能和稳定性有着严重的影响。例如,在水生生态系统中氨盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐等无机氮的过量积累会导致水体酸化和富营养化,同时还可能损害水生动物的生存、生长和繁殖能力1。在众多去除氮污染物质的方法中,生物脱氮法由于其除氮成本低,效率高且不产生二次污染,得到了广泛研究2。生物除氮主要可通过微生物的硝化、反硝化、部分硝化⁃厌氧氨氧化、短程硝化与反硝化、异养硝化⁃好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等过程实现3~5,这些过程往往伴随着N2O的释放6。尽管当前存在于大气中的N2O浓度低于CO2与CH4,但其产生的温室效应却是CO2的300多倍。此外,近几年研究显示,大气中的N2O浓度还在以年均0.31%的速度持续增长7

目前,释放N2O的微生物主要包括细菌、真菌和古菌8,其中主要集中于细菌。细菌种类的不同导致N2O的释放途径有所差异,过去认为N2O来源于硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、甲烷细菌、好氧反硝化细菌、异养硝化⁃好氧反硝化细菌等几大类910。而近些年来,新的N2O释放途径被发现,例如,发光杆菌属(Photobacterium sp.)NNA4在细胞色素P460的作用下可以直接将羟胺氧化为N2O11;好氧反硝化细菌台湾假单胞菌(Pseudomonas taiwanensis)的脱氮过程中,铵态氮、硝态氮与亚硝态氮可直接转化形成N2O10

N2O的释放与微生物的脱氮过程密切相关。例如,施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)PCN⁃1在进行异养反硝化作用时,仅产生了少量的N2O12;在恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)Y⁃9的脱氮过程中,羟胺的添加抑制了脱氮过程中氨态氮向N2O的转化效率,但对于N2O释放的机理未过多涉及13;耐冷菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)HA2在去除氨氮时,可以检测到少量N2O的产生14。为了减缓温室效应,减少微生物脱氮过程中N2O的释放,了解N2O的释放机理尤为重要。本文主要总结了参与微生物脱氮过程形成N2O的途径与关键酶类,揭示了生物脱氮过程形成N2O的机制,同时介绍了影响N2O释放的主要环境因子和减少N2O释放的方法,为进一步建立控制生物脱氮过程中N2O释放工艺提供了理论依据。最后,基于目前的研究现状,对未来建立控制生物脱氮过程中N2O释放工艺的研究方向进行展望。

1 N2O的释放对大气的影响

温室气体N2O的过量释放可打破平流层中臭氧与氧之间相互转换的动态平衡,使其产生的温室效应问题变得更加严重15。N2O对大气的影响主要表现在以下两个方面:(1)N2O进入平流层,与臭氧发生反应,直接导致臭氧含量下降(N2O+O3→2NO+O2→2NO2);(2)N2O在平流层中的太阳紫外线照射分解作用下生成一氧化氮,一氧化氮与臭氧发生反应,间接导致臭氧含量下降(N2O→NO+N,NO+O3→NO2+O21617

2 产生N2O的微生物种类

N2O主要通过生物与非生物两个途径形成。越来越多的研究表明,微生物是N2O生成的主要驱动力。在生物脱氮过程中参与N2O释放的微生物主要包括细菌、古菌、真菌这三类,现对其脱氮过程进行逐一论述。

2.1 细菌脱氮产生N2O的途径

细菌在脱氮过程中释放N2O的途径较为复杂。一般来说,在脱氮过程中释放N2O的细菌主要是传统的硝化细菌与反硝化细菌。硝化细菌中的自养氨氧化细菌在羟胺不完全氧化时,可以直接释放N2O(NH2OH→N2O),另一方面,氨氧化细菌又可通过反硝化过程释放N2O(NH4+→NH2OH→N2O→NO3-18。传统的反硝化过程主要是硝酸盐或者亚硝酸盐的还原过程(NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2),在此过程中N2O主要来自于一氧化氮的还原。随着大量脱氮菌的开发与应用,发现了一些新的N2O形成途径,如,(1)羟胺代谢途径:在天津海水循环养殖系统中发现一株好氧反硝化细菌发光杆菌NNA4,经过一系列实验证明这个细菌能够直接将羟胺转化为N2O11;(2)氨态氮转化途径:在恶臭假单胞菌Y⁃9的脱氮过程中,N2O的产生途径为NH4+→NO→N2O13;此外,部分细菌可将氨态氮氧化为羟胺,随后转化为N2O,其具体途径为:NH4+→NH2OH→N2O1920。对异养硝化⁃好氧反硝化细菌甲基营养型芽胞杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)L7的脱氮特征研究发现,该菌的N2O产生途径为NO3-→NO2-→N2O21;台湾假单胞菌J488通过转化硝态氮释放N2O的途径为NO3-→N2O10;(4)亚硝酸盐转化途径:在好氧反硝化细菌台湾假单胞菌J488的脱氮过程中,NIR还原硝酸盐直接产生N2O10。由此看出,不同属或同属不同种的细菌氮代谢过程与N2O的释放途径均具有差异性。

2.2 古菌脱氮产生N2O的途径

从海洋中释放的N2O通常来自于古菌对氮的转化过程。虽然古菌也是参与氮循环的重要微生物,但是古菌中缺少编码基因,因此N2O不能通过反硝化作用产生[22]。此外,古菌还缺乏编码HAO的同源基因,N2O是通过氧化NH4+为NO2-的中间过程释放的,其具体释放过程还需进一步探究[22]。研究发现,在古菌亚硝基球菌(Nitrososphaera viennensis)和海洋亚硝基球菌(Nitrososphaera maritimus)的脱氮过程中,会产生NH2OH和NO,随后再通过非酶介导的反应生成N2O23。据报道,在古细菌中N2O释放的关键酶尚未明确,因此关于古细菌释放N2O的途径有待于进一步探究。

2.3 真菌脱氮产生N2O的途径

真菌普遍缺少氧化亚氮还原酶,因此真菌反硝化的最终产物通常以N2O的形式释放于大气中2425。因此在接种量相同的细菌与真菌反硝化系统中,接种真菌的处理会释放更多的N2O2627。2012年一项研究发现,真菌除了通过反硝化作用释放N2O外,还存在一种特殊的共反硝化现象,即亚硝酸根和其他氮化物的氮原子结合,最终形成N2O28。根据已报道的文献,真菌释放N2O主要有以下三种途径:①反硝化作用;②共反硝化作用;③依赖于甲酸盐的呼吸作用29(如图1所示)。

3 有关N2O释放的关键酶类

细菌中参与N2O释放的酶可根据N2O的来源与去向分为两类,其一为参与N2O形成的相关的酶,包括硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶、一氧化氮还原酶和羟胺氧化还原酶,其二是还原N2O形成N2的酶,如氧化亚氮还原酶。

3.1 硝酸盐还原酶(nitrate reductase, NR)

在反硝化过程中,硝酸盐在NR的作用下被还原为亚硝酸盐(NO3-+2H++2e-→NO2-+2H2O)。据报道,NR会直接影响N2O的产生量,例如2020年一项研究发现,硝酸盐可以在NR的作用下直接释放N2O10。此外,NR可通过还原硝酸盐形成亚硝酸盐,间接地影响N2O的释放。目前已发现的NR均为含钼酶,根据该酶存在于细胞的位置、结构与功能的不同,NR可分为三种类型:呼吸型硝酸还原酶(Nar)、异化型硝酸还原酶(Nap)、同化型硝酸还原酶(Nas)30~32。据报道,NR的活性受到多种金属离子的影响33,金属离子可通过与酶结合从而影响酶的活性,如铜离子可与NR活性位点上的巯基结合,从而抑制硝酸还原酶的活性34。此外,从特定的环境中分离获得的NR还具有一些特殊性,例如从一种嗜盐古菌(Haloferax alexandrinus)中分离获得的Nas在高盐与高温(50 ℃)环境条件下的活性更强,当盐浓度低于2 mol/L时,Nas的活性随着NaCl的增加而增强35

3.2 亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase, NIR)

NIR作为反硝化过程中的一种关键酶,可将亚硝酸盐还原为NO(NO2-+e-+2H+→NO+H2O)。据报道,NIR可分为两种类型,一种是由nirK基因编码的cuNIR,其具有两个铜结合位点,第一个铜位点是电子还原的起始位点,第二个铜位点是亚硝酸盐还原的起始位点,同时也是NIR的催化中心,当cuNIR的第二个铜位点遭到破坏时,NIR的活性降低。另一种是由nirS基因编码的含铁型cd1NIR,这种酶具有两个血红素位点,血红素C是电子的还原位点,血红素d1是亚硝酸盐还原的起始位点36~38,与cuNIR相比,cd1NIR不仅能够催化NO2-还原,还能催化O2还原32。因此,含铁型cd1NIR细菌可在有O2条件下进行反硝化作用。此外,在铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)中发现,NO的积累可诱导NIR的产生,编码NIR的Nirs基因仅在厌氧和无氧条件下表达39

3.3 一氧化氮还原酶(nitric oxide reductase, NOR)

在微生物的脱氮过程中,N2O主要来自NO的还原(NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O),而在此还原过程中,NOR起着重要的作用。目前发现的NOR均属于血铜氧化酶超家族40,根据该酶空间的结构不同将其分为三类:由NorB和NorC两个亚基组成的cNOR41、在革兰氏阴性细菌中发现的单亚基酶qNOR42和只在杆菌中发现的CuANOR43。据报道,当NOR的活性受到cd1NIR抑制时N2O的产生也会受到抑制44,同时,在曼氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mandelii)中发现,缺氧会增强NOR的编码基因cnorB的表达;此外,硝酸盐或从硝酸盐中产生的氮氧化物的存在同样可增加该基因的表达量,促使N2O大量释放。

3.4 羟胺氧化还原酶(hydroxylamine oxido⁃reductase, HAO)

前人研究表明,N2O的释放与硝化过程中的HAO密切相关。随着对氨氧化细菌(Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria, AOB)脱氮途径的深入认识,有研究发现在AOB中,羟胺在HAO的作用下可以直接生成NO,NO在NOR的作用下又可以还原生成N2O45。另一方面,一些异养硝化细菌中发现羟胺在HAO的作用下可直接产生N2O46,然而,在不同的异养硝化细菌中分离获得的HAO的电子受体有所差异。如,1999年从粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)TUD中分离纯化得到一种非血红素HAO,这种酶只可以利用K3Fe(CN)6作为电子受体,而在氨氧化细菌中分离获得的HAO的电子接受位点则是细胞色素47。此外,不同细菌中HAO的活性受金属离子的影响也有所不同,如在向不动杆菌属菌株Y148分离获得的HAO中添加1×10-3 mol Fe2+后,HAO活性提高了43.78%,而添加Fe2+对于粪产碱杆菌NR分离出来的HAO的活性并没有显著影响46

3.5 氧化亚氮还原酶(nitrous oxide reductase, N2OR)

在微生物参与的氮循环过程中,N2O的释放途径十分广泛,然而N2O的去除途径报道较少,迄今为止,N2O主要通过N2OR还原成为N2(N2O→N2)得以去除,存在于细菌中的N2OR是唯一已知能将N2O还原为N2的酶。这个酶活性的大小主要受到以下三个方面的影响:①N2OR空间结构的影响。据报道,N2OR是一种同源二聚体蛋白,这个二聚体蛋白含有两个结构不同的铜辅中心,即电子接受中心CuA和催化中心CuZ49,这两个铜辅中心的结构变化与N2OR的活性具有直接关系;当N2OR中缺乏足够的铜来提供铜辅因子CuA和CuZ时,编码 N2OR的nosZ基因表达会受到抑制作用,阻碍N2OR的生物合成,进而导致N2OR的活性下降5051。②编码N2OR的nosZ基因的影响。研究者发现在低氧浓度下,编码N2OR的nosZ基因表达量会更多,从而促进N2OR的活性增强,降低N2O的释放49。③反硝化过程中的电子竞争。研究不同盐度对反硝化过程的影响发现,在高盐浓度下,N2OR获得电子的能力低于硝酸还原酶与NIR,此时N2OR的活性受到抑制,N2O的释放增强52

4 减少在微生物脱氮过程中释放N2O的方法

4.1 添加适量的金属离子

据报道,Cu2+在反硝化细菌中有重要的作用,其主要原因为Cu2+对反硝化酶的影响。在2003年,研究发现当培养基中缺乏铜时,会导致反硝化细菌施氏假单胞菌和脱氮副球菌释放大量的N2O,通过进一步研究脱氮副球菌中的所有反硝化酶活性发现,缺铜对N2OR的影响最大53。几年后,研究者发现添加Cu2+可以有效促进反硝化细菌中N2OR的活性,提高N2O还原为N2的效率54。此外,在生物脱氮过程中添加Cu2+还可以增加N2O还原型反硝化细菌的数量,促进N2O的还原。然而,在脱氮过程中还需要考虑Cu2+的添加量,过量的Cu2+不仅会对微生物产生毒害作用,还会使脱氮过程中N2O的释放量增加。例如,在生物脱氮过程中Cu2+的添加量为5 g/L时,产生的N2O是Cu2+添加量为0.1 g/L时的2.07倍55。类似的,在除氮过程中添加适量的Ag+可以减少N2O的释放量56。因此,添加适量的Cu2+和Ag+可有效降低微生物脱氮过程中N2O量。

4.2 添加适量的纳米颗粒

近些年来,随着纳米材料的不断发展,其在生活中的应用也变得更加广泛,导致了大量纳米颗粒流入生态系统,给环境中含氮污染物的去除带来了一定的影响。例如三氧化二铝纳米颗粒和氧化锌纳米颗粒可通过降低反硝化细菌的丰度进而抑制NR和NIR等关键的反硝化酶活性,最终促使反硝化过程中N2O的释放量增加57~59。近期研究发现,在反硝化过程中添加某些金属纳米颗粒可以有效减少反硝化过程中释放的N2O量,但不同类型的金属纳米颗粒抑制N2O释放的机制有所不同。由于氧化铜纳米颗粒对NOR活性的抑制大于N2OR,因此使得N2O释放量减少60,而银纳米颗粒则是通过抑制编码NIR的Nirk基因进而减少N2O释放56。总之,在微生物的脱氮过程中适当添加一些金属纳米颗粒可减少N2O释放。

4.3 筛选少产或不产N2O的生物脱氮菌

大量的研究表明,细菌在脱氮过程中很难避免N2O的产生,而在近几年来,已有研究者从自然界中分离获得了释放极少量N2O,甚至不释放N2O的脱氮细菌,这些细菌的最适脱氮温度在25~40 ℃,最适脱氮pH在7~10。例如在2019年,研究者从活性污泥中分离获得的恶臭假单胞菌NP5在脱氮过程中不产生N2O61;在2016年从受氨污染的垃圾渗滤液中分离到的一株具有异养硝化和好氧反硝化作用的卓贝尔氏菌属(Zobellella taiwanensis)菌株DN⁃7,在脱氮过程中产生了极少量的N2O62。已有的报道表明,细菌在脱氮过程中N2O释放与否主要归因于两点:①反硝化过程中编码N2OR的nosZ基因的丰度变化,例如在假单胞菌WXP⁃4的脱氮过程中,在好氧条件下N2O的释放量为6×10-5 g/L,而在厌氧条件下反硝化过程中没有观察到N2O的释放,其机理在于厌氧条件下nosZ基因的丰度值是好氧条件下的17倍63。②反硝化基因NIRS(细胞色素cd1NIR)、cnorB (NO还原酶)和nosZ(N2O还原酶)的协同表达,例如在好氧反硝化细菌施氏假单胞菌PCN⁃1的脱氮过程中,在亚硝酸盐耗尽之后cd1NIR的表达量下降,此时cnorB的表达量远大于NIRS,随后,nosZ的表达量持续上升,可将N2O迅速还原为N264,从而降低N2O的释放。然而,多数细菌在脱氮过程中释放少量或者不释放N2O的真正机制并不清楚,例如嗜热好氧反硝化菌TAD1、好氧反硝化菌株甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium gregans)DC⁃1、红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)CPZ24等,均有待于未来进一步研究揭示64~67

4.4 控制细菌脱氮过程中的pH值

在微生物参与的脱氮过程中,pH对N2OR活性与细菌活性的影响导致了N2O的产生,其具体表现为:在异养反硝化过程中(NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O),当pH值低于6.5时,N2OR活性会受到强烈的抑制,使得N2O的产生量增多6869。在硝化细菌的反硝化过程中70(NH4+→NO2-→NO→N2O),pH值从7.0逐渐增加至8.0时,氨氧化速率不断升高,且在pH为8.0时,氨氧化速率达到最大,同时,N2O的释放量达到最大值,表明氨氧化速率的提高促进了N2O的产生。但研究者在硝化过程中发现氨氧化速率并不能影响N2O的产生,此外pH为6时,N2O的释放量达到最大71。与之不同的是,另一项研究发现pH值为7.5时,N2O的释放量达到最大72。这些研究结果表明,不同微生物释放N2O的最佳pH具有差异性,因此,探究不同脱氮菌的最适pH值有助于减少脱氮过程中N2O的释放。

4.5 控制脱氮过程中的溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)与亚硝酸盐含量

在微生物参与的硝化与反硝化过程中,溶解氧的浓度与亚硝酸盐的积累对N2O的释放有着重要的影响。在反硝化过程中,由于N2OR比其他的反硝化酶(NR,NIR和NOR)对氧气更为敏感,因此在反硝化过程中DO浓度不断上升时,N2O的释放量会呈现不断增加的趋势73。在硝化过程中,当DO长期处于低氧(DO<2×10-4 g/L)条件下时,NO2-的浓度降低,此时N2O的释放量也随之减少,而当DO继续上升时,由于硝化过程中羟胺的不完全氧化,N2O的浓度不断增加73~77。因此,在脱氮菌参与的不同脱氮过程中,控制合适的溶解氧浓度范围有利于减少N2O的释放。另一方面,在微生物参与的硝化、反硝化和异化还原产氨(DNRA)过程中,亚硝酸盐的积累量与N2O的释放量直接相关。在硝化过程中,亚硝酸盐的积累会刺激nirK基因的表达,进而诱导AOB进行反硝化(NH4+→NO2-→NO→N2O),导致N2O的释放量增加7879,而在反硝化过程中75,亚硝酸盐与N2OR的电子竞争关系使得N2O的还原速率降低,导致N2O的产生量增多。此外,在DNRA过程中,N2O的释放量随着亚硝酸盐的积累而不断增多80。因此,在脱氮过程中减少亚硝酸盐的积累就可以降低N2O的释放量。

5 结论与展望

生物脱氮与物理、化学除氮相比,具有简单、高效且无二次污染等特点,然而在生物脱氮过程中N2O的释放对环境的破坏是一个不可忽视的问题。本文通过对已发现的脱氮微生物的种类、释放N2O的途径以及参与其形成的关键酶类进行了详细的综述,并提出了一些减少N2O释放的方法。通过阅读大量文献发现,目前对于如何减少生物脱氮过程中N2O的释放相关研究报道较少,且对于不释放或极少量释放N2O的氮转化机理的研究还未全面展开,关于减少微生物脱氮过程中N2O的释放,未来还可以从以下几个方面开展研究:

①寻找在微生物脱氮过程中,既能抑制NOR活性又能增强N2OR活性的物质,从产生N2O的源头上减少其释放量。

②在微生物脱氮工艺中,控制pH、DO浓度以及温度等影响因素,平衡影响因素之间的交互作用,尽量避免中间副产物NO2-的积累。

③采用多种研究方法深入分析在脱氮过程中不产生或产生极少量N2O的生物脱氮机理,并通过基因工程技术进一步控制N2O释放。

④分离筛选出既不产N2O又能高效进行生物脱氮的菌株是未来应用于处理氮污染废水最理想的方式。

参考文献

[1]

Nicholas R, Chaoshu Z. Toxic effects of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to decapod crustaceans: a review on factors influencing their toxicity, physiological consequences, and coping mechanisms [J]. Reviews in Fisheries Science,2013,21(1): 1⁃21.

[2]

娄宏伟, 雷鑫, 陈元彩. 生物脱氮的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2019,39(5): 1⁃4.

[3]

Lou H W, Lei X, Chen Y C. Research progress in biological nitrogen removal [J]. Ind Water Treat, 2019, 39(5): 1⁃4.

[4]

Zhang K, Kang T L, Yao S, et al. A novel coupling process with partial nitritation⁃anammox and short⁃cut sulfur autotrophic denitrification in a single reactor for the treatment of high ammonium⁃containing wastewater[J]. Water Res, 2020, 180: 115831.

[5]

Winkler M K, Straka L. New directions in biological nitrogen removal and recovery from wastewater [J]. Curr Opin in Biotechnol, 2019, 57: 50⁃55.

[6]

田夏迪, 茹临锋, 吕心涛,. 短程反硝化工艺的研究进展与展望[J].中国给水排水,2020,36(2): 7⁃15.

[7]

Tian X D, Ru L F, X T, et al. Research progresses and prospect of partial denitrification process [J].China Water & Wastewater, 2020,36(2): 7⁃15.

[8]

Sabba F, Terada A, Wells G, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from biofilm processes for wastewater treatment [J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2018, 102(22): 9815⁃9829.

[9]

Terada A, Sugawara S, Hojo K, et al. Hybrid nitrous oxide production from a partial nitrifying bioreactor: hydroxylamine interactions with nitrite [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2017, 51(5): 2748⁃2756.

[10]

Shoun H, Fushinobu S, Jiang L, et al. Fungal denitrification and nitric oxide reductase cytochrome P450nor [J]. Phil Trans R Soc B, 2012, 367(1593): 1186⁃1194.

[11]

Ren T, Roy R, Knowles R. Production and consumption of nitric oxide by three methanotrophic bacteria [J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2000, 66(9): 3891⁃3897.

[12]

He T X, Xie D T, Ni J P, et al. Nitrous oxide produced directly from ammonium, nitrate and nitrite during nitrification and denitrification [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2020, 388: 122114.

[13]

Liu Y, Ai G M, Wu M R, et al. Photobacterium sp. NNA4, an efficient hydroxylamine⁃transforming heterotrophic nitrifier/aerobic denitrifier [J]. J Biosci Bioeng, 2019, 128(1): 64⁃71.

[14]

Zheng M S, He D, Ma T, et al. Reducing NO and N2O emission during aerobic denitrification by newly isolated Pseudomonas stutzeri PCN⁃1 [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2014, 162: 80⁃88.

[15]

Huang X J, Xu Y, He T X, et al. Ammonium transformed into nitrous oxide via nitric oxide by Pseudomonas putida Y⁃9 under aerobic conditions without hydroxylamine as intermediate [J]. Bioresour Technol,2019, 277: 87⁃93.

[16]

Yao S, Ni J, Ma T, et al. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at low temperature by a newly isolated bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. HA2 [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2013, 139: 80⁃86.

[17]

Pratt P F. Effect of increased nitrogen fixation on stratospheric ozone [J]. Clim Chang, 1977, 1(2): 109⁃135.

[18]

Gong Y K, Peng Y Z, Yang Q, et al. Formation of nitrous oxide in a gradient of oxygenation and nitrogen loading rate during denitrification of nitrite and nitrate [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2012, 227/228: 453⁃460.

[19]

Yang P C, Brasseur G P. The nonlinear response of stratospheric ozone to NOx and ClOx perturbations [J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28(4): 717⁃720.

[20]

Ni B J, Peng L, Law Y Y, et al. Modeling of nitrous oxide production by autotrophic ammonia⁃oxidizing bacteria with multiple production pathways [J].Environ Sci Technol, 2014, 48(7): 3916⁃3924.

[21]

Joo H S, Hirai M, Shoda M. Characteristics of ammonium removal by heterotrophic nitrification⁃aerobic denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis No. 4 [J]. J Biosci Bioeng, 2005, 100(2): 184⁃191.

[22]

Zhao B, An Q, He Y L, et al. N2O and N2 production during heterotrophic nitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis strain NR [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 116: 379⁃385.

[23]

Zhang Q L, Liu Y, Ai G M, et al. The characteristics of a novel heterotrophic nitrification⁃aerobic denitrification bacterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain L7 [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 108: 35⁃44.

[24]

Stieglmeier M, Mooshammer M, Kitzler B, et al. Aerobic nitrous oxide production through N⁃nitrosating hybrid formation in ammonia⁃oxidizing Archaea [J]. ISME J, 2014, 8(5): 1135⁃1146.

[25]

Kozlowski J A, Stieglmeier M, Schleper C, et al.Pathways and key intermediates required for obligate aerobic ammonia⁃dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and Thaumarchaeota [J]. ISME J, 2016, 10(8): 1836⁃1845.

[26]

Ma S T, Wang J Y, Yan X Y. Is nitrous oxide reduction primarily regulated by the fungi⁃to⁃bacteria abundance ratio in fertilized soils? [J]. Pedosphere, 2019, 29(5): 569⁃576.

[27]

Chen H H, Yu F B, Shi W. Detection of N2O⁃producing fungi in environment using nitrite reductase gene (nirK)⁃targeting primers [J]. Fungal Biol, 2016, 120(12): 1479⁃1492.

[28]

Sutka R L, Adams G C, Ostrom N E, et al. Isotopologue fractionation during N2O production by fungal denitrification [J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2008,22(24): 3989⁃3996.

[29]

Laughlin R J, Stevens R J. Evidence for fungal dominance of denitrification and codenitrification in a grassland soil [J].Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2002, 66(5): 1540⁃1548.

[30]

Shoun H, Fushinobu S, Jiang L,et al. Fungal denitrification and nitric oxide reductase cytochrome P450nor [J]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2012, 367(1593): 1186⁃1194.

[31]

Ma W K, Farrell R E, Siciliano S D. Soil formate regulates the fungal nitrous oxide emission pathway [J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2008, 74(21): 6690⁃6696.

[32]

Martínez⁃Espinosa R M, Lledó B, Marhuenda⁃Egea F C, et al. The effect of ammonium on assimilatory nitrate reduction in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei [J]. Extremophiles, 2007, 11(6): 759⁃767.

[33]

Ceccaldi P, Rendon J, Léger C, et al. Reductive activation of E. coli respiratory nitrate reductase [J]. Biochim et Biophys Acta BBA⁃Bioenerg, 2015, 1847(10): 1055⁃1063.

[34]

Coelho C, Romão M J. Structural and mechanistic insights on nitrate reductases [J]. Protein Sci, 2015, 24(12): 1901⁃1911.

[35]

Yu X Z, Zhang F F, Liu W. Chromium⁃induced depression of 15N content and nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings [J]. Int J Environ Sci Technol, 2017, 14(1): 29⁃36.

[36]

Xiong Z T, Liu C, Geng B. Phytotoxic effects of copper on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in Brassica pekinensis Rupr [J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2006, 64(3): 273⁃280.

[37]

Kilic V, Kilic G A, Kutlu H M, et al.Nitrate reduction in Haloferax alexandrinus: the case of assimilatory nitrate reductase [J]. Extremophiles, 2017, 21(3): 551⁃561.

[38]

Farver O, Brunori M, Cutruzzolà F, et al. Intramolecular electron transfer in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cd1 nitrite reductase: thermodynamics and kinetics [J]. Biophys J, 2009, 96(7): 2849⁃2856.

[39]

Kobayashi K, Koppenhöfer A, Ferguson S J, et al. Pulse radiolysis studies on cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase from Thiosphaera pantotropha: evidence for a fast intramolecular electron transfer from c⁃heme to d1⁃heme [J]. Biochemistry, 1997, 36(44): 13611⁃13616.

[40]

Klünemann T, Preuß A, Adamczack J, et al. Crystal structure of dihydro⁃heme d1 dehydrogenase NirN from Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals amino acid residues essential for catalysis[J]. J Mol Biol, 2019, 431(17): 3246⁃3260.

[41]

Kuroki M, Igarashi Y, Ishii M, et al. Fine⁃tuned regulation of the dissimilatory nitrite reductase gene by oxygen and nitric oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa [J]. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2014, 6(6): 792⁃801.

[42]

Saraste M, Castresana J. Cytochrome oxidase evolved by tinkering with denitrification enzymes [J]. FEBS Lett, 1994, 341(1): 1⁃4.

[43]

Shiro Y, Sugimoto H, Tosha T, et al. Structural basis for nitrous oxide generation by bacterial nitric oxide reductases [J]. Phil Trans R Soc B, 2012, 367(1593): 1195⁃1203.

[44]

Matsumoto Y, Tosha T, Pisliakov A V, et al. Crystal structure of quinol⁃dependent nitric oxide reductase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus [J]. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2012, 19(2): 238⁃245.

[45]

Cramm R, Pohlmann A, Friedrich B. Purification and characterization of the single⁃component nitric oxide reductase from Ralstonia eutropha H16 [J]. FEBS Lett, 1999, 460(1): 6⁃10.

[46]

Saleh⁃Lakha S, Shannon K E, Goyer C, et al. Nitric oxide reductase gene expression and nitrous oxide production in nitrate⁃grown Pseudomonas mandelii [J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2008, 74(22): 4.

[47]

Arp D J, Stein L Y. Metabolism of inorganic N compounds by ammonia⁃oxidizing bacteria [J]. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2003, 38(6): 471⁃495.

[48]

Zhao B, Ran X C, An Q, et al. N2O production from hydroxylamine oxidation and corresponding hydroxylamine oxidoreductase involved in a heterotrophic nitrifier A. faecalis strain NR [J]. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2019, 42(12): 1983⁃1992.

[49]

Otte S, Schalk J, Kuenen J G,et al. Hydroxylamine oxidation and subsequent nitrous oxide production by the heterotrophic ammonia oxidizer Alcaligenes faecalis [J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1999, 51(2): 255⁃261.

[50]

Liu Y X, Yuan X, Liu Z Y. Optimization, purification, and characterization of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Acinetobacter sp. Y1 [J]. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2019, 66(4): 494⁃501.

[51]

Brown K, Tegoni M, Prudêncio M, et al. A novel type of catalytic copper cluster in nitrous oxide reductase[J]. Nat Struct Biol, 2000, 7 (3): 191⁃195.

[52]

Richardson D, Felgate H, Watmough N, et al. Mitigating release of the potent greenhouse gas N2O from the nitrogen cycle-could enzymic regulation hold the key? [J]. Trends Biotechnol, 2009, 27(7): 388⁃397.

[53]

Shen W S, Xue H W, Gao N, et al. Effects of copper on nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction in denitrifiers and N2O emissions from agricultural soils [J]. Biol Fertil Soils, 2020.56(1): 39⁃51.

[54]

巩有奎, 任丽芳, 李永波. 不同盐度反硝化过程N2O积累及还原特性[J].环境工程, 2019, 37(2): 62⁃66.

[55]

Gong Y K, Ren L F, Li Y B. N2O accumulation and reduction characteristics during denitrification process of different salinities [J]. Environ Eng, 2019, 37(2): 62⁃66.

[56]

Granger J, Ward B B. Accumulation of nitrogen oxides in copper⁃limited cultures of denitrifying bacteria [J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 2003, 48(1): 313⁃318.

[57]

Domingo⁃Félez C, Smets B F. Regulation of key N2O production mechanisms during biological water treatment[J]. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2019,57: 119⁃126.

[58]

Zhu X Y, Chen Y G, Chen H, et al. Minimizing nitrous oxide in biological nutrient removal from municipal wastewater by controlling copper ion concentrations [J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2013, 97(3): 1325⁃1334.

[59]

Liu S Q, Wang C, Hou J, et al. Effects of Ag and Ag2S nanoparticles on denitrification in sediments [J].Water Res,2018,137: 28⁃36.

[60]

Chen Y G, Su Y L, Zheng X, et al. Alumina nanoparticles⁃induced effects on wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removal after short⁃term and long⁃term exposure [J]. Water Res, 2012, 46(14): 4379⁃4386.

[61]

Zheng X, Su Y L, Chen Y G, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles cause inhibition of microbial denitrification by affecting transcriptional regulation and enzyme activity [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(23): 13801⁃13807.

[62]

Ye J Y, Gao H, Wu J K, et al. Responses of nitrogen transformation processes and N2O emissions in biological nitrogen removal system to short⁃term ZnO nanoparticle stress [J].Sci Total Environ, 2020, 705: 135916.

[63]

Zhao S Y, Su X X, Wang Y Y, et al. Copper oxide nanoparticles inhibited denitrifying enzymes and electron transport system activities to influence soil denitrification and N2O emission [J].Chemosphere,2020,245:125394.

[64]

Yang L, Wang X H, Cui S, et al. Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorous by heterotrophic nitrification⁃aerobic denitrification of a metal resistant bacterium Pseudomonas putida strain NP5[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 285: 121360.

[65]

Lei Y, Wang Y, Liu H, et al. A novel heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacterium, Zobellella taiwanensis DN⁃7, can remove high⁃strength ammonium[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016, 100 (9): 4219⁃4229.

[66]

Wang X P, Duo Y K, He J J, et al. A newly isolated and rapid denitrifier Pseudomonas citronellolis WXP⁃4: difference in N2O emissions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions [J]. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2020, 43(5): 811⁃820.

[67]

Liu Y, Ai G M, Miao L L, et al. Marinobacter strain NNA5, a newly isolated and highly efficient aerobic denitrifier with zero N2O emission [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 206: 9⁃15.

[68]

Chen P Z, Li J, Li Q X, et al. Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by bacterium Rhodococcus sp. CPZ24 [J].Bioresour Technol, 2012, 116: 266⁃270.

[69]

Hong P, Shu Y, Wu X, et al. Efficacy of zero nitrous oxide emitting aerobic denitrifying bacterium, Methylobacterium gregans DC⁃1 in nitrate removal with strong auto⁃aggregation property [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 293: 122083.

[70]

Li H, Pan M L, Zhou S F, et al. Characterization of nitrous oxide emissions from a thermophilic denitrifying bacterium Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 in an aerated sequencing batch reactor [J]. Biochem Eng J, 2016, 112: 230⁃240.

[71]

Du R, Peng Y Z, Cao S B, et al. Characteristic of nitrous oxide production in partial denitrification process with high nitrite accumulation [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 203: 341⁃347.

[72]

Y T, Ju K, Wang L, et al. Effect of pH on nitrous oxide production and emissions from a partial nitritation reactor under oxygen⁃limited conditions [J]. Process Biochem, 2016, 51(6): 765⁃771.

[73]

Law Y Y, Lant P, Yuan Z G. The effect of pH on N2O production under aerobic conditions in a partial nitritation system [J]. Water Res, 2011, 45(18): 5934⁃5944.

[74]

Li P Z, Wang S Y, Peng Y Z, et al. The synergistic effects of dissolved oxygen and pH on N2O production in biological domestic wastewater treatment under nitrifying conditions [J]. Environ Technol, 2015, 36(13⁃16): 1623⁃1631.

[75]

Rathnayake M L D, Oshiki M, Ishii S, et al. Effects of dissolved oxygen and pH on nitrous oxide production rates in autotrophic partial nitrification granules [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2015, 197: 15⁃22.

[76]

Peng B, Liang H, Wang S S, et al. Effects of DO on N2O emission during biological nitrogen removal using aerobic granular sludge via shortcut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification [J]. Environ Technol, 2020, 41(2): 251⁃259.

[77]

Wang Y J, Li P, Zuo J, et al. Inhibition by free nitrous acid (FNA) and the electron competition of nitrite in nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction during hydrogenotrophic denitrification [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 213: 1⁃10.

[78]

Tallec G, Garnier J, Billen G, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from secondary activated sludge in nitrifying conditions of urban wastewater treatment plants: effect of oxygenation level [J]. Water Res, 2006, 40(15): 2972⁃2980.

[79]

Liu G Q, Wang J M. Quantifying the chronic effect of low DO on the nitrification process [J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 141: 19⁃25.

[80]

Bao P, Wang S Y, Ma B, et al. Achieving partial nitrification by inhibiting the activity of Nitrospira⁃like bacteria under high DO conditions in an intermittent aeration reactor [J]. J Environ Sci, 2017, 56: 71⁃78.

[81]

Li L, Ling Y, Wang H Y, et al. N2O emission in partial nitritation⁃anammox process [J]. Chin Chem Lett, 2020, 31(1): 28⁃38.

[82]

Cua L S, Stein L Y. Effects of nitrite on ammonia⁃oxidizing activity and gene regulation in three ammonia⁃oxidizing bacteria [J].FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2011, 319(2): 169⁃175.

[83]

Sun Y H, De Vos P, Willems A. Influence of nitrate and nitrite concentration on N2O production via dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium in Bacillus paralicheniformis LMG 6934 [J]. Microbiologyopen, 2018, 7(4): e00592.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年项目(42007223)

贵大专基合字(2019)04

黔教合KY字[2021]086

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (606KB)

263

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/