基于微生物互作的共培养分离技术研究进展

王冲 ,  万洪善 ,  常亚奇 ,  孙绪军 ,  马泽亮

生物资源 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (06) : 606 -616.

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生物资源 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (06) : 606 -616. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.2021.06.009
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基于微生物互作的共培养分离技术研究进展

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Advances of co⁃cultivation and isolation technology based on microbial interaction

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摘要

自然条件下,微生物以一种复杂的群落形式生活,细胞周围充斥着由相邻细胞产生的各类代谢物,使各细胞间存在多样的互作形式,影响彼此的生长。不同种类的菌株共培养时,营养缺陷型菌株可以利用其他菌株产生的代谢产物进行生长;共培养还可以改变微环境、刺激菌株沉默基因的表达及改变菌株的生存状态。近年来,基于模拟菌株间的互作关系而发展起来的共培养技术逐步应用于未培养微生物的分离工作中,并被认为能有效提高未培养微生物的分离效率。结合已发表的相关文献资料,综合分析潜在共培养的类群多样性以及共培养分离技术的先进性与应用现状等,以期为微生物分离技术的发展及微生物资源的发掘提供参考。

Abstract

It is widely recognized that bacteria in nature exist in complex communities. Each cell may be filled with a variety of metabolites produced by neighboring cells, so that there are various forms of interaction between cells. Studies have shown that auxotrophic strains can use metabolites produced by other strains for growth when strains are co⁃cultured. In addition, co⁃cultivation can also change the microenvironment of the media, stimulate the expression of the silent gene of the strain and change the dormant state of the strain. In recent years, co⁃cultivation technology that simulates the interaction between microorganisms has been gradually applied to the isolation of microorganisms, and this method is considered to be effective in isolating uncultivated microorganisms. According to the published literature, we review the research progress of co⁃cultivation and isolation technology in recent years through comprehensive analysis of the main potential co⁃cultivable taxa diversity and the application status of co⁃cultivation technology used for the isolation of uncultivated microorganisms. We hope that this article can provide new prospects for microbial isolation technology and the discovery of microbial resources.

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关键词

未培养微生物 / 互作 / 共培养技术 / 分离 / 培养

Key words

uncultured microorganism / interaction / co⁃cultivation technology / isolation / cultivation

引用本文

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王冲,万洪善,常亚奇,孙绪军,马泽亮. 基于微生物互作的共培养分离技术研究进展[J]. 生物资源, 2021, 43(06): 606-616 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.2021.06.009

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0 引 言

微生物在地球生物圈中扮演着重要的角色,广泛参与地球的碳、氮、硫等物质的化学循环,调节生态平衡和人体健康。地球上蕴藏着大量的微生物资源,由于现有分离培养技术的限制,绝大多数的微生物种类是不可培养的12,称为未培养微生物(uncultured microognisms)。许多未培养微生物具有较为新颖的生物合成途径和生化特性,例如Tectomicrobia、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、粘细菌(Myxobacteria)等3~7类群,Tectomicrobia与酸杆菌门一样具有丰富的次级代谢产物合成基因簇;绿屈挠菌门的脱卤拟球菌属(Dehalococcoides)可降解有机卤化合物8。因此,分离和研究未培养微生物对医药、农业与环境治理等领域具有重要意义。

自然界中微生物的分布呈现一种混合状态,在土壤中微生物细胞间的距离约在5~29 μm之间9。如此近的距离,相邻细胞分泌的氨基酸、维生素、某些脂肪酸、还原硫化合物和铁载体等代谢产物可以迅速地扩散到周围。利用扩散盒技术,大幅提高了可培养微生物类群的丰度和多样性,并分离获得多株在人工培养基上无法生长的曾被认为是无法培养的物种1011。综合以上两点,环境中可能存在某些未被发现的物质,影响周围菌株的生长,为共培养技术的开发提供了可能。

1 近期关于共生现象的研究进展

微生物生长过程中有些小分子物质和电子载体会在微生物群落间发生交换,包括氨基酸、维生素、H2和甲酸盐等12~16,对周围细胞的生长产生影响,甚至是某些物种生长所必需的,这种依赖周围细胞生长的现象说明菌株间存在共生关系17。由于共生关系的存在,传统的分离纯化手段必然会导致共生菌株难以独立地在培养基上生长。因此,利用现有可培养菌株分离培养其共生菌已成为科学家们热衷的研究之一。日本科学家在分离阿斯加德(Asgard)古菌的过程中,发现分离到的菌株‘Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum’MK⁃D1可与Halodesulfovibrio及产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)菌株共生;通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及宏基因组分析,发现三者之间可以通过H2或甲酸盐的转移共生长,共同代谢氨基酸多肽12。利用共培养试验发现,甲基萘醌类物质是肠道微生物的促生长因子,许多肠道微生物需要依靠优势菌株产生的甲基萘醌类物质才能在培养基上生长18。利用海绵共培养装置,大幅提高了海绵共生菌的丰度19。虽然以上内容未详尽列出近年来所有关于共培养分离微生物的例子,但足以显示共培养技术对于未培养微生物的分离具有巨大的促进作用。

2 潜在的共培养类群

宏基因组、宏蛋白组、宏转录组、16S rRNA基因序列高通量测序等分子生物学技术,可以绕过菌株的培养过程,研究微生物的多样性、分布特点和代谢类型等18,加深对未培养微生物的理解,区分目标类群,提高实验室条件下分离培养微生物的能力。根据16S rRNA基因序列数据,古菌和细菌的总数量已被计算出约为400 000种,包括约60 000个属20。然而,截至2021年10月,原核生物名称命名确认名录网站(list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, LPSN)显示,合格发表的古菌和细菌(含蓝细菌)共21 494个种,分别隶属于3 687属635科146纲41门(https://lpsn.dsmz.de/text/numbers),其中最大的4个门是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),变形菌门(Proteobacteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。由此可见,自然界中绝大多数的微生物是未被培养的。

自然界中有许多类群因自身基因组和体积较小、代谢通路缺失、营养缺陷或与寄主共生等原因,导致其不能在现有的培养技术下生长,需要依赖环境中的其他物种或寄主生活,如Saccharimonadia,暂定门Atribacteria、DPANN古菌及暂定门Saccharibacteria (TM7)等类群(见表121~34,通过拼接特定物种的基因组并分析发现,以上类群在共生长、丰度高、分布广泛、参与地球生物化学与生物修复及解读人类健康与疾病的关系等方面与已培养物种有较大的差异性。针对这些类群的分离培养,共培养分离技术或可发挥重要作用。

3 共培养分离技术的先进性

微生物菌株共培养可模拟自然界中微生物间的互作关系,使不同物种间通过信号分子、代谢产物产生交流,对自身代谢、基因表达和生长速率等方面产生影响。因此,共培养技术应用于未培养微生物的分离在理论上是可行的,其相对于传统的分离方法,主要有以下几点先进性:

3.1 优化生长环境利于其他物种的生长

微生物由自然环境转换到实验室条件下,除温度、pH值、渗透压、含氧量和营养成分等因素会发生剧烈变化外,细胞间的通信作用也大大受到影响。其次,适应性较强的物种生长较快,往往会产生过氧化物、有机酸、自由基、超氧化物和抑菌物质等,从而减弱或抑制其他物种的生长。对于营养成分和生长环境的改变可以通过添加酵母粉以及蛋白胨等物质进行弥补,但对于细胞通讯作用及细胞代谢物造成的微环境的变化,很难完全用人工的方式去重现。

目前,关于微生物与微环境的研究较少,但通过少数例子仍能看出,微环境的改变有利于未培养微生物的分离与培养。细胞信号分子环腺苷酸(cAMP)和酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acyl⁃homoserine lactone, AHL)分别参与细胞的饥饿生存反应(starvation⁃survival response)和细菌群体感应;cAMP可使细胞一直处于正常的营养态,并阻碍其转化到静止生长期35;而AHL可参与调控光的产生、毒力因子的表达、生物膜的形成、细胞聚集和遗传等过程。在培养基中添加cAMP和AHL均可使未培养微生物的培养率显著提升36~38。此外,在研究菌株互作时发现,当CO2浓度处于一定范围内时,利用交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)菌株EZ55和原绿球蓝细菌属(Prochlorococcus)菌株VOL4共培养,交替单胞菌EZ55分泌的过氧化氢酶可以减轻氧化应激对原绿球蓝细菌VOL4的影响,提高其生长率39

因此,添加信号分子及与其他物种共同培养时,可使培养基的微环境发生一定改变,改善细胞间通讯作用和培养基的理化因素,若将可分泌细胞信号分子、降解氧化基团和产生耐抗菌物质的菌株与共培养技术相结合或可推进未培养微生物研究工作。

3.2 代谢物可直接被其他物种利用弥补代谢缺陷

在实验室条件下,由于营养条件的局限和微生物自身的代谢缺陷,在培养基上生长的微生物数量不足1%40。另外,通过原位培养与土壤溶液提取技术的改进可以看出,在自然界中仍存在许多未发现的营养物质,是很多未培养的微生物生长所必需的,这些物质有很大一部分是微生物的代谢产物41;由于微生物在自然环境中处于群体混居的状态,因而微生物代谢产物对周围菌株的影响不可忽视的。

在培养基表面许多优先形成的菌落周围,随着培养时间的延长,会逐渐长出许多小菌落——辅助生长现象。在分离肠道微生物时发现平板上的优势物种所分泌的甲基萘醌可促进菌落周围物种的生长,并根据此现象分离到8株具有生长依赖现象的菌株18。另外,利用藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)KLE1011作为助手(helper)分离到了与其共生菌株多管藻海洋杆菌(Maribacter polysiphoniae) KLE1104,发现新型的acyl⁃desferrioxamine siderophores40;发现亮杆菌属(Leucobacter)菌株ASN212单独培养时不能在培养基上生长,而当与鞘氨醇盒菌属(Sphingopyxis)菌株GF9共培养时可使前者显著生长42,最终从菌株GF9培养液上清中分离到新型的生长因子zincmethylphyrins和coproporphyrins。

以上实验说明,优势菌群或可培养菌株所产生的代谢物可以被其他菌株利用,若将共培养分离技术与基因组及代谢网络分析技术相结合,利用与未培养微生物互作较为明显的可培养菌株作为助手或许可以弥补某些类群的代谢缺陷,使其被分离培养,从而丰富可培养微生物的多样性。

3.3 激活沉默基因表达,更利于其生长

天然产物是生物体以次级代谢产物的形式产生的有机化合物,其中大多数具有治疗性生物活性,包括抗菌、抗病毒和抗癌功能等43,而微生物一直被认为是天然产物的重要来源。然而,自70年代后,自微生物中发现新颖化合物的速度大幅下降,加之多重耐药菌及新型疾病的不断出现,引发了对新型功能性化合物的迫切需求44

近年来,利用基因组测序及其分析工具,发现放线菌和真菌等菌株体内具有大量未被研究的次级代谢产物或酶的合成基因簇(secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters, smBGCs)4445。在现有的培养条件下这些基因处于沉默或者表达量较低的状态。为了克服这一难题,开发并应用了多种策略来激活沉默或表达差的smBGCs。其中,单菌多产物策略(one strain many compounds,OSMAC)认为同一微生物菌株在不同培养条件下可产生多种化合物,通过改变培养参数,如温度、盐度、通气量、碳源、氮源和生长因子等可以产生新的代谢物,并利用此方法使以往只产生aspinonene的赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)额外表达了15种化合物46。基于基因工程的smBGC激活方法,如启动子交换、异源表达、基因簇内调控子工程(cluster⁃situated regulator engineering, GSR)、核糖体工程和全局调控子工程(global regulator engineering, GR)等也被广泛用于诱导微生物次级代谢产物的表达44

此外,不同物种共培养也可有效激活沉默的smBGC,相对上述两种方法,共培养不需要事先解析目的基因和复杂的基因操作工具4647,不仅模拟物种间竞争及养分耗竭等生态压力,还可以通过分析形态学变化或细胞密度,实时监测共培养菌株的次级代谢产物的生物活性4849。近几年,也有很多类似的研究(如表250~71,通过细菌与细菌、细菌与真菌、真菌与真菌的共培养,刺激或激活菌株中表达量较低或者沉默的smBGC,提高现有代谢产物的产量及合成以往未发现的新化合物。如天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)M145和黄色黏球菌(Myxococcus xanthus)DK1622共培养,刺激天蓝色链霉菌M145产生了actinorhodin;列文虎克氏链霉菌(Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii)C34和烟曲霉菌(Aspergillus fumigatus)MR2012共培养,诱导烟曲霉MR2012产生了pseurotin G,terezine D,1⁃O⁃methylpseurotin A等新的化合物;费氏曲霉(Aspergillus fischeri)NRRL 181和Xylaria flabelliformis G536共培养,产生了新的化合物wheldone,对乳腺癌、卵巢癌和黑色素瘤细胞具有细胞毒活性;冷杉异担子菌(Heterobasidion abietinum)331和链霉菌AcH 505共培养时可使链霉菌AcH 505的5⁃formylsalicylic acid的产量明显提高。

因此,将共培养技术运用于微生物资源的挖掘,或可弥补由自然环境转移到实验室对菌株带来的不利影响,提高菌株代谢能力,增强其在传统培养基上的生存能力。

3.4 代谢物可作为复苏因子使其他物种从休眠状态苏醒

研究表明,环境中微生物种群内包含存留性细胞(persister cell)——野生型细胞的变异表型,其功能是生存72。存留性细胞是休眠的、不分裂的细胞,在低营养和能量有限的条件下形成7374。与活的非可培养状态(viable but non⁃culturable, VBNC),近零生长(near⁃zero growth, NZG)一同被认为是导致微生物不可培养的潜在原因75。因此,对于这些休眠微生物的复苏是微生物培养工作中的一个重要障碍。虽然有大量关于微生物休眠的文献存在,但对微生物如何在休眠和活跃状态之间转换的潜在机制所知甚少。

休眠细胞的复苏被认为是一个随机过程76,可能受到某些信号化合物的影响7778。有些放线菌分泌复苏促进因子(resuscitation⁃promoting factor, Rpf),能够通过水解和转化细胞壁来促进休眠细胞的生长79,把藤黄微球菌所分泌的Rpf添加到培养基中,可有效促进土壤微生物的培养80;利用菌株M. luteus的Rpf促进了进入VBNC状态的苯酚降解菌群的复苏,提高了高盐废水中苯酚的降解效率81。另外,红串红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis)KB1、天蓝色链霉菌和牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)均被报道可产生Rpf,对其本身及其他物种的复苏具有重要作用82。因此,运用共培养技术有可能会促进环境中处于休眠状态的微生物类群复苏,提高其被培养的几率,有助于未培养微生物资源的挖掘。

4 基于共培养的分离方法

为了弥补传统培养手段在种间互作、营养成分等方面的缺陷,目前已有多种共培养技术及装置被发明,并应用于未培养微生物的分离,取得了一定的成效,提高了未培养微生物的可培养性。

4.1 单菌落共培养技术

2015年Tanaka等83发明了单菌落共培养技术,这种共培养装置由培养皿、可培养菌株、聚丙烯环、滤膜和固体培养基组成,首先在培养皿底部铺一层1.5%琼脂的固体培养基,凝固后在其上倾倒含有潜在助长菌(生长状况较好)的0.4%琼脂软培养基,铺上带有滤膜的聚丙烯环后在滤膜上方倾倒含有潜在依赖型菌株(生长状况较差)的软琼脂培养基(如图1),培养后观察表面菌落的生长状况。Tanaka利用此技术筛选到了副杆状菌(Parabacteroides)BL157和肺炎克雷伯氏菌BL175,脆杆状菌(Bacteroides fragilis)BL539和萨特氏菌(Sutterella)BL252等多组具有助长作用的细菌。

单菌落共培养技术的优点在于操作简便,可定向筛选某一菌株的生长依赖性菌株,但操作不当易对上层培养基表面产生污染,从优势菌的菌落周围选取潜在的共生菌株时,没有具体的标准可依,需要后期大量的工作来进行验证,筛选效率相对较低。

4.2 纳米多孔微生物培养器

为模仿自然环境中微生物复杂群落的生活方式,有学者发明了纳米多孔微生物培养器(nanoporous microscale microbial incubators,NMMI)8485。NMMI采用纳米凝胶材料在透明玻璃表面形成一个微孔板,每个孔都可作为一个扩散室,扩散室侧壁有纳米孔,容纳微生物细胞的同时避免与其他细胞的直接接触,只允许其产生的代谢物进出交换(如图2)。这种装置可同时实现高通量筛选、物种隔离和物种间通信三种功能,可用于未培养微生物类群的分离、共培养微生物共生机制的研究、多物种代谢工程及生物合成的类群优化。

NMMI的优势在于可同时实现微生物多细胞间的互作,有利于研究细胞间的信息交流和代谢物的相互利用,但后期对潜在共生菌株培养纯化时,需要将每个微孔内的细胞挑选出来,减弱了细胞间的互作现象,因而可能会使共生菌株的可培养性进一步降低。

4.3 海绵⁃细菌共培养装置

海绵⁃细菌共培养装置是2019年被提出19,主要用于分离海绵共生微生物。该装置在Bio⁃Dot SF微量过滤器的基础上做了改进,首先将所用的培养基注入到底部,使其充满每个微孔,待培养基凝固后将稀释后的海绵微生物样品置于每个微孔的培养基表面,并在其上方覆盖0.2 µm的滤膜和25 µm的滤纸,最后将含有海绵外植体的微滤装置上半部分用螺丝与底部紧紧地固定一起,然后放入水环境中培养(如图3)。利用该技术可明显地提高海绵共生微生物的多样性及其丰度,增加纯培养的几率。

海绵⁃细菌共培养装置为动植物体内共生菌的分离提供了新思路,但其技术操作较为复杂,由于是放在水环境中培养,其密封性较高,内部生物与外界的气体交换被隔断,会同时影响上层的海绵及内部微生物的生长。另外,后期对共生菌株的分离,也是一大难题。

4.4 双面培养皿

双面培养皿(double⁃sided Petri dish,DSPD)是2021年被提出的一种新型共培养装置86,由两个树脂材质的培养皿底部粘合后在中间开一个直径为2 cm的贯穿孔,之后在孔的表面覆盖一层玻璃纸,防止向上下两层培养皿倒培养基时发生泄漏,在上下两层培养基的表面接种微生物菌种后进行共培养(如图4)。双面培养皿中间的开孔,允许两侧菌株所产生的代谢产物及信号分子通过,从而使两侧菌株发生互作。

双面培养皿的发明为共生微生物的分离及微生物共生现象的研究提供了一个重要的工具,但目前关于其对未微生物的分离效果的报道较少,尚待进一步验证。

5 总结与展望

目前,菌株的共培养技术多应用于开发微生物新型代谢产物,而在未培养微生物的分离工作中的应用较少。其原因主要有以下几点:①虽然通过菌株共培养可以激发不同物种间的竞争、信息交流以及拮抗等互作关系,激活菌株内的沉默基因簇,产生新型代谢产物,但在助手菌株与环境微生物共培养后,如何将对助手菌株的未生菌进行纯培养则是另一大难点;②共培养分离技术发展较晚,技术方案不成熟,难以满足目前微生物分离工作的需求;③微生物共生机制不清晰,潜在微生物共生类群不明确,影响分离过程中共培养菌株的选择及共培养分离技术的发展。

随着分子生物学技术的发展,众多免培养技术逐渐成熟,加上共培养技术在发酵、发掘新型化合物等领域的应用,为了解未培养微生物的生理特点以及解析共生机制提供了可能。在未培养微生物的分离培养工作中虽已发展了部分共培养分离技术,但其各有优缺点,单一方案难以满足微生物分离工作的需求。因此,应将共培养技术与分子生物学方法及传统分离培养手段相结合,弥补单一技术方法的缺陷,发挥各自长处。此外,由于潜在共培养微生物类群生长模式与大多数菌株不同,传统的培养皿及培养装置难以满足其分离培养的要求,所以在其分离技术的研发过程中可在分离培养装置或方法上加大投入。相信随着科研工作者的不断努力,微生物共培养分离技术会不断地完善和成熟,丰富微生物的分离技术,为未培养微生物的研究及新型化合物的发现作出重要贡献。

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