关于金钗石斛抗氧化损伤作用的微综述

林聪 ,  刘紫玉 ,  何成芬 ,  石京山 ,  李菲

生物资源 ›› 2024, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (03) : 304 -309.

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生物资源 ›› 2024, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (03) : 304 -309. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.2024.03.012
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关于金钗石斛抗氧化损伤作用的微综述

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Mini review about antioxidant damage effects of Dendrobium nobile

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摘要

金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl.)为兰科(Orchidaceae)石斛属(Dendrobium SW.)植物,具有益胃生津、滋阴清热等功效。药理学研究发现金钗石斛在防治肿瘤、肝硬化、老年痴呆及抗氧化应激损伤等方面具有良好的应用前景。金钗石斛可作为天然抗氧化剂的候选药材,金钗石斛总多酚、总多糖、总黄酮、总生物碱均有不同程度的自由基清除能力。研究发现这些化合物在降低活性氧水平,增强抗氧化酶活性,激活相关抗氧化通路,以及保护蛋白质、DNA、脂质免受氧化损伤等方面具有重要作用。对近年来发表的有关金钗石斛主要活性化合物抗氧化损伤作用的文献进行了综述,旨在为后续金钗石斛的开发应用提供参考。

Abstract

Dendrobium nobile is a plant of Dendrobium of the orchid family, which has the effects of tonifying stomach and promoting fluid, nourishing “Yin” and clearing “Heat”. Pharmacological studies have shown that Dendrobium nobile has good application prospects in the prevention and treatment of tumor, liver cirrhosis, senile dementia and antioxidative stress damage. Dendrobium nobile can be used as a candidate medicinal material for natural antioxidants, and its total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total alkaloids all have different degrees of free radical scavenging ability. These compounds have been found to play an important role in reducing reactive oxygen species level, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, activating related antioxidant pathways, and protecting proteins, DNA, and lipids from oxidative damage. In this paper, the literatures on antioxidative damage of main active compounds of Dendrobium nobile published in recent years are reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the subsequent research of Dendrobium nobile.

Graphical abstract

关键词

金钗石斛 / 活性成分 / 氧化应激 / 活性氧 / 老年痴呆

Key words

Dendrobium nobile / active compound / oxidative stress / reactive oxygen species / senile dementia

引用本文

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林聪,刘紫玉,何成芬,石京山,李菲. 关于金钗石斛抗氧化损伤作用的微综述[J]. 生物资源, 2024, 46(03): 304-309 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.2024.03.012

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0 引 言

氧化应激(oxidative stress, OS)是指机体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的生成过量或氧化与抗氧化系统的不稳定甚至动态失衡导致机体清除ROS的能力降低,引起DNA的损伤、炎症因子的释放以及脂质、蛋白质的氧化损伤等病理过程1。ROS主要包括过氧化氢、羟基自由基(∙OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)等2。近年来,OS已被证明参与多种疾病,根据OS对疾病病理病因的影响分为以下两类:① OS是引起某些病理过程的主要原因,包括紫外辐射和百草枯引起的毒性以及动脉粥样硬化;② OS是某些疾病进展的次要因素,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、高血压和阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)3。因此,抑制OS的产生,增加自由基清除效率,对改善OS引起的疾病及病理过程具有重要意义。研究显示,金钗石斛具有较好的抗氧化活性,且价格低廉、毒副作用小,逐渐成为抗氧化活性研究的重要方向之一4

金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl.)为兰科(Orchidaceae)石斛属(Dendrobium)植物,主要分布于贵州、云南、广西等长江以南的亚热带地区,是古代本草中最早确定的石斛品种,被《中国药典》收载。《神农本草经》和《本草纲目》中记载,金钗石斛味苦、微咸且无毒,用于滋阴、清热、润肺、止咳、明目等5。采用现代提取技术从金钗石斛植物中分离得到100多种化合物,其主要活性化合物包括生物碱类、多糖类、黄酮类、菲类、联苄类以及倍半萜类等6。药理学研究发现金钗石斛及其活性成分具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤、抗炎和抗菌等药理作用7。其中在抗氧化作用方面研究更为深入,发现金钗石斛及其活性成分在机体防御系统、代谢系统以及神经系统等方面均具有良好的抗氧化活性8,且对2,2’⁃联氨⁃双(3⁃乙基苯井噻唑啉⁃6⁃磺酸)二胺盐(ABTS)自由基、2,2⁃二苯基⁃1⁃苦基肼(DPPH)自由基和羟基自由基均表现出良好的清除能力9

为了更好地利用金钗石斛这一宝贵资源,本文将金钗石斛主要活性成分的抗氧化损伤作用进行了综述,为金钗石斛的进一步研究、开发和利用提供参考。

1 生物碱类

生物碱类是最早从石斛属植物中分离得到的化合物类型,金钗石斛生物碱(Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids, DNLA)是金钗石斛的主要活性成分之一,其结构如图1所示。其在抗氧化损伤作用方面发挥着重要的作用。动物实验显示,DNLA在肝脏代谢紊乱和四氯化碳诱导的线粒体氧化损伤时,通过激活核红细胞2相关因子抗氧化信号通路10,降低ROS的水平11,并调节肝脏抗氧化成分血红素加氧酶1和醌氧化还原酶112,发挥着保护肝脏免受氧化损伤的作用13

DNLA还通过激活Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路抗β⁃淀粉样蛋白介导的突触和线粒体氧化损伤,抑制体内和体外Aβ的沉积,并显著消除了ROS的产生,有效改善SAMP8、APP/PS1和脂多糖诱导的AD动物模型的认知缺陷14。另外,DNLA显著降低了神经元损伤后细胞内Ca2+和ROS的水平,使得线粒体氧化损伤受到抑制15。在Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤中DNLA也发挥抗氧化损伤作用,包括降低细胞内ROS和基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP)含量,增加超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)含量,显著降低OS的水平16。上述结果提示,DNLA在防治OS引起的肝脏代谢紊乱以及神经系统氧化损伤中具有良好的抗氧化活性。

2 多糖类

石斛多糖(Dendrobium nobile polysaccharide, DNP)主要从石斛茎的水提取物中分离所得,是一种新型的潜在抗氧化剂。DNP提高自由基清除能力,减少蛋白质分解,提高细胞抗氧化酶的能力17,对ABTS自由基18、DPPH自由基及•OH自由基均具有较强的清除效果,且呈剂量依赖性19。另有研究发现,口服DNP可降低丙二醛水平,增强抗氧化酶活性20;增强SOD和过氧化氢酶的活性,清除ROS自由基21,并将其转换成H2O和O2;升高GSH水平,直接清除ROS和过氧化物;抑制四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠肝脏和肾脏氧化损伤17。此外,DNP通过调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和MMP的信号通路,抑制乙醇诱导的大鼠OS来防止胃氧化损伤22。以上研究表明,DNP不仅能调节肝脏和肾脏氧化损伤,对胃也具有一定的保护作用。

3 黄酮类化合物

一项通过HPLC和代谢组学分析的研究提示,金钗石斛中含有抗氧化活性的黄酮类化合物23,其清除DPPH24、•OH自由基25和ABTS自由基26等的能力呈浓度依赖性2728。另外,金钗石斛叶中所含的总黄酮类能明显降低Aβ42和螯合金属离子的水平,显示出强大的抗AD作用29。金钗石斛黄酮苷对H2O2致大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞氧化损伤具有保护作用30。以上研究表明,黄酮类化合物可维持机体氧化系统稳态,具有显著的抗神经系统氧化损伤作用。

4 菲类化合物

菲类化合物具有广泛的生物活性,其中抗细胞毒性尤为引人注目。单菲类是金钗石斛中的主要菲类成分,图2为菲类代表化合物结构图。菲类化合物在DPPH实验中表现出高于维生素C(IC50=17.95±0.25 μmol/L)的抗氧化活性,菲类化合物flavanthrinin和3,7⁃dihydroxy⁃2,4⁃dimethoxyphenanthrene的IC50值分别为(35.71±0.19)μmol/L和(29.67±1.11)μmol/L31。石斛中产生的菲类化合物,还能降低LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞中NO的产生,发挥显著的抗氧化活性32

5 联苄类化合物

联苄类化合物是从金钗石斛中提取的新型化合物,具有强大的自由基清除活性。研究发现,该化合物可通过降低ROS水平和增强谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性以及非酶抗氧化物GSH的水平来保护皮肤角质形成细胞免受OS的影响33,对皮肤暴露于外界环境的刺激具有一定的防御作用。通过生物测定法对石斛茎进行分离提取得到两种新的联苄基衍生物:诺比林D(Nobilin D)和诺比林E(Nobilin E)(见图3),在DPPH实验中均表现出高于或相当于维生素C的抗氧化活性,氧化自由基吸收能力实验显示维生素C的IC50为(18.0±0.2)μmol/L,诺比林D的IC50为(19.9±0.8)μmol/L,诺比林E的IC50为(21.0±0.4)μmol/L34

6 新型倍半萜类

近来从金钗石斛茎中提取出3种新型倍半萜类化合物(结构图如图4所示),对H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤表现出显著的保护作用35。另外,倍半萜类化合物通过激活Nrf2/HO⁃1、下调c⁃Jun氨基末端激酶和p38信号传导保护视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE细胞)免受紫外线辐射诱导的氧化损伤36

7 其他化合物

从金钗石斛中分离得到的具有缩醛骨架的活性化合物SG⁃168具有保护PC12细胞免受H2O2诱导的氧化损伤的作用,提高了细胞活力,抑制细胞凋亡。因此,在防治神经性疾病方面,化合物SG⁃168具有成为新型抗氧化剂的潜力37。体外抗氧化研究显示,石斛总多酚对ABTS、DPPH和•OH自由基的清除效应呈现浓度依赖性,与维生素C(2 mg/mL维生素C达100%的清除活性)相比,石斛总多酚在浓度为5 mg/mL时对ABTS自由基的清除活性达100%,对DPPH清除活性达77.54%,对羟基自由基的清除活性达到49.1%38。用白酒浸泡金钗石斛得到的“石斛液”是具有抗氧化功能的天然健康饮料,可清除细胞外自由基和提高细胞内抗氧化酶的活性,也可抑制OS引起的蛋白表达紊乱。此外,金钗石斛还有助于避免OS引起的未折叠蛋白反应和细胞周期紊乱39。除此之外,由金钗石斛、枸杞和葛根提取物组成的复合提取物所研制的口服液,有效地保护了胃粘膜并增强了机体免疫力40

8 结 语

综上所述,大量研究已证实金钗石斛在抗氧化损伤方面具有良好的效应,是抗氧化剂的良好来源41。金钗石斛抗氧化损伤作用主要表现在降低ROS水平,增强抗氧化酶活性,激活相关抗氧化通路,保护蛋白质、DNA及脂质免受氧化损伤以及对自由基的清除作用等方面。这些结果提示金钗石斛在抗氧化方面拥有广阔的治疗前景,期待后续进行更多金钗石斛抗氧化损伤的研究,金钗石斛将会在氧化应激的治疗领域发挥更重要的作用。

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基金资助

贵州石斛产业发展研究中心科研课题(黔石科合2019003-04)

遵义医科大学大学生创新训练项目(ZYDC202202308)

贵州省教育厅-遵义医科大学基础药理教育部重点实验室开放课题(黔教合KY字[2019]049)

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