植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素在干旱调节中的拮抗机制

胡骏 ,  江悦 ,  黄继帅 ,  徐祎萌 ,  陈雨婷 ,  谢斌

生物资源 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (05) : 442 -455.

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生物资源 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (05) : 442 -455. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.20250624001
综述

植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素在干旱调节中的拮抗机制

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Antagonistic mechanism of phytohormones abscisic acid and gibberellins in plant drought response

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摘要

干旱是限制植物生长发育和作物产量的主要非生物胁迫之一。为适应干旱环境,植物进化出了复杂的响应机制,其中植物激素在感知干旱胁迫信号与协调生长反应中起着关键作用。脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)和赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)作为关键的内源性调节因子,在植物发育与逆境响应中呈现出典型的拮抗关系。ABA作为经典的逆境激素,其在干旱胁迫中的关键作用已被广泛验证;与此同时,越来越多的研究表明,GA除了在生长发育中发挥重要作用外,在干旱调节中也扮演着重要角色。多种内源及外源信号可通过相反的方式调控ABA和GA的生物合成与分解代谢,进而介导激素水平的动态拮抗。近年来的研究揭示了ABA和GA信号转导组分之间的直接分子联系,为理解其拮抗机制提供了新视角。该研究综述了ABA和GA在干旱胁迫中的研究进展,探讨干旱胁迫下两者在代谢调控及信号转导层面的串扰机制,以期为作物抗旱性状遗传改良提供理论依据。

Abstract

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting plant growth, development, and crop production. To adapt to drought conditions, plants have evolved complex response mechanisms, among which phytohormones play a pivotal role in perceiving stress signals and coordinating growth responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA), as key endogenous regulators, exhibit a typical antagonistic relationship in plant development and stress responses. ABA, widely recognized as a classical stress hormone, has been extensively validated for its critical role in drought stress. Meanwhile, an increasing number of studies indicate that GA not only plays an important role in growth and development, but also in drought regulation. Multiple endogenous and exogenous signals can regulate the biosynthesis and catabolism of ABA and GA in opposite ways, thereby mediating a dynamic hormonal antagonism. Recent studies have uncovered direct molecular connections between components of the ABA and GA signaling pathways, offering new insights into their antagonistic mechanisms. Here, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the roles of ABA and GA under drought stress, focusing on their crosstalk at the levels of metabolic regulation and signal transduction in plants, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of drought tolerance in crops.

Graphical abstract

关键词

干旱胁迫 / 脱落酸 / 赤霉素 / 串扰机制

Key words

drought stress / abscisic acid(ABA) / gibberellins(GA) / crosstalk mechanism

引用本文

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胡骏,江悦,黄继帅,徐祎萌,陈雨婷,谢斌. 植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素在干旱调节中的拮抗机制[J]. 生物资源, 2025, 47(05): 442-455 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.20250624001

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0 引 言

干旱胁迫已成为制约全球农业生产的重要因素,严重威胁粮食安全,随着气候变化加剧和水资源日益匮乏,干旱将愈发成为未来严峻挑战1。据统计,干旱已经影响了全球超过20%的农业用地,导致粮食产量显著低于消费所需2。在过去的二十年中,干旱导致全球水稻产量下降了25.4%,超过因病虫害等生物胁迫造成的损失的总和,严重危害粮食安全的同时造成了巨大的经济损失3。干旱胁迫可导致植物许多生理过程紊乱,例如,溶质运输中断、光合作用速率降低、养分吸收受损和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的过量积累。为了应对干旱的不利影响,植物进化出了多种细胞和分子适应机制,如离子和渗透平衡调节,抗氧化防御系统激活以及生长模式调整等4-5

植物激素通过复杂的信号网络在干旱响应中扮演着至关重要的角色。研究表明,多种激素,如脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、油菜素类固醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)、细胞分裂素(cytokinin,CTK)、乙烯(ethylene,ETH)、赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)和吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA),在植物干旱适应过程中协同调节其生长发育、水分维持以及耐旱性建立等关键过程。其中,ABA作为植物抵抗非生物胁迫的核心调控因子,能够协调一系列生理功能以应对不同的环境压力。干旱胁迫下,植物体内ABA含量显著升高,与其受体结合激活下游信号级联反应并诱导多种干旱应答反应6。值得注意的是,ABA不仅是植物在非胁迫条件下生长和发育所必需的,而且在维持产量的稳定性方面具有重要意义57。另外,GA作为促进植物生长的重要激素,参与调控植物从种子萌发到果实成熟等生长发育过程8。研究发现,GA负调控植物对生物和非生物胁迫的响应,渗透胁迫可显著抑制GA的合成与积累9-10。同时,GA水平下降导致DELLA蛋白积累,进而提高植物对干旱等非生物胁迫的适应性11

不同的植物激素彼此拮抗或协同相互作用,形成复杂的串扰网络,在植物的整个生命周期中精确地调控不同的生物过程12。ABA和GA是一对经典的拮抗激素,共同调控种子成熟、休眠和萌发、初级根生长和开花时间等多个关键发育过程13。随着研究不断深入,ABA与GA的调控网络串扰已从生长发育调控扩展至非生物胁迫响应等领域。本文系统地梳理了ABA和GA在干旱胁迫中的研究进展,重点探讨这两种激素在干旱胁迫下的串扰机制,以期为植物抗旱尤其是农作物抗旱提供理论指导。

1 ABA代谢与转运:干旱胁迫的关键调控

干旱诱导的ABA合成是驱动植物在干旱胁迫期间适应性反应的关键过程。ABA在高等植物中的生物合成起始于质体中的前体玉米黄质11。首先,玉米黄质被ZEP酶(zeaxanthin epoxidase)以及9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(9-cis-epoxy carotenoid dioxygenase,NCED)转化为黄素14-15。随后,黄素从质体转移到胞质溶胶中,分别通过短链脱氢酶/还原酶(short-chain-dehydrogenase reductase,SDR/ABA2)和脱落醛氧化酶(abscisic aldehyde oxidase,AAO)催化,最终转化为ABA16-17。在缺水环境中,植物会增强编码ABA生物合成酶的基因表达以积累内源性ABA,从而应对干旱胁迫18。限速酶NCED是ABA合成的关键调控因子,在拟南芥、豆类、番茄、玉米和鳄梨等植物中其表达水平受干旱胁迫诱导1519-22。除此之外,上调编码ABA生物合成酶的基因表达增强了植物的抗旱性(表1)。例如,过表达AtNCED3的拟南芥转基因植株中内源性ABA水平增加,叶片蒸腾速率降低,耐旱性提高15。烟草中过表达SgNCED1诱导抗氧化酶编码基因和其他ABA响应基因的表达,从而增强耐旱性23

除了生物合成外,ABA的分解代谢和转运是控制ABA介导的应激调节的另外两个关键过程(表1)。当应激信号减弱,细胞色素P450型酶(CYP707A)作为ABA代谢的关键酶,催化产生无生物活性的代谢产物相酸(PA)和二氢相酸(DPA)13。与葡萄糖偶联是ABA失活的第二种途径,在调节正常和脱水条件下的ABA含量中也起着重要作用。在糖基转移酶的作用下,ABA及其羟基化分解代谢物均可与葡萄糖偶联生成ABA葡萄糖酯(ABA-GE)24。当植物遇到非生物胁迫时,ABA-GE能够再次水解转化为ABA,这是由β-葡萄糖苷酶完成的25。在拟南芥中分离出的AtBG1和AtBG2、BGLU10分别位于内质网和液泡,通过水解ABA-GE产生ABA在抗非生物胁迫中发挥作用26-28。ABA是一种弱酸,当它被质子化时可以通过被动扩散穿过生物膜6。ABA也可以通过多种类型的转运蛋白实现跨膜运输。ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)转运蛋白AtABCG40在拟南芥中负责摄取ABA,其功能缺失突变体气孔响应ABA关闭速率降低,导致耐旱性减弱29。另一转运蛋白AtABCG22的突变体气孔调控同样受到扰乱,蒸腾作用增加30。而MATE(multidrug and toxic compound extrusion)家族成员AtDTX50作为ABA外排转运蛋白发挥作用,其功能缺失突变体气孔导度较低,更耐旱31

2 ABA信号转导与干旱胁迫

植物ABA信号转导主要由核心信号模块介导,该模块包含PYR/PYL/RCAR受体、PP2C蛋白磷酸酶和SNF1相关激酶的亚家族2(SnRK2)(图1)。这些关键组分与离子通道和转录因子等靶标相互作用以介导ABA诱导的生理响应,在调控植物耐旱性中扮演关键角色(表1)。在缺乏ABA时,PP2C充当负调控因子抑制SnRK2的活性;在ABA存在的情况下,ABA与PYR/PYL/RCAR受体的结合抑制PP2C的活性,从而允许SnRK2激酶的激活32。活化的SnRK2激酶进一步磷酸化下游底物蛋白从而诱导ABA反应。

2.1 ABA受体:耐旱作物改造的新兴靶点

植物中调节干旱胁迫的ABA信号通路涉及多个ABA受体,它们在ABA信号转导和耐旱性中起重要作用。例如,拟南芥六重突变体(pyr1/pyl1/pyl2/pyl4/pyl5/pyl8)对ABA极度不敏感,叶片蒸腾显著提高33PYL4PYL5PYL8PYL9的过表达增强了ABA反应,赋予拟南芥更高的抗旱性34-37。回顾近几年的研究,已在水稻、小麦以及杨树中揭示了ABA受体以及调节因子在干旱胁迫响应中的保守功能。水稻ABA信号转导的正调节因子OsPSKR15通过与OsPYL11相互作用参与ABA信号转导来增强耐旱性38。过表达OsPYL5赋予水稻更高的耐旱性,却抑制生长导致产量降低39。而2020年Bhatnagar团队发现过表达OsPYL7的转基因水稻虽然没有表现出ABA敏感性及渗透胁迫耐受性,但其显示出耐旱性;且过表达OsPYL7的转基因株系在正常生长条件下未表现出生长迟缓或产量降低40。这表明该基因可能是开发无生长缺陷的非生物胁迫耐受作物的良好候选者40。在小麦中过表达ABA受体增加了ABA敏感性,同时提高了干旱胁迫下的谷物产量和水分利用效率41。杨树中过表达PePYL4不仅提高了水分利用效率,还加速了活性氧的清除以促进耐旱性42

2.2 PP2C:负调控因子还是正调控因子?

相较于PYL基因,PP2C基因众多,功能复杂。在拟南芥中,76个PP2C基因可分为10个组别(A-J),而A组PP2C中的6个成员:ABI1,ABI2,HAB1,HAB2,AHG1和AtPP2CA已被鉴定为ABA信号通路的关键负调节因子,并参与植物非生物胁迫响应的调控43。例如,HAB1的组成型过表达会降低植株对ABA的敏感性并增强蒸腾作用,最终削弱植株的耐旱性44。类似地,水稻OsABIL2的过表达会显著改变植物发育表型,包括气孔密度和根系结构,导致对干旱胁迫更加敏感45。水稻OsPP2C09与ABA信号通路的核心成分相互作用,在植物生长中起积极作用,但负向调节ABA信号转导和耐旱性46。值得注意的是,2021年的研究发现OsPP2C09还可作为胁迫信号的正调控因子,通过激活ABA非依赖性的信号通路参与干旱响应47。在这项研究中,OsPP2C09被非生物胁迫迅速诱导,其通过与DRE结合转录因子相互作用,激活不依赖ABA的信号级联,进而调控干旱响应47。近几年,其他植物中的研究也表明,PP2C蛋白在耐旱性调控中具有保守且广泛的功能48-50。例如,2023年的研究表明,玉米ZmPP8去磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶ZmMEK1,抑制气孔关闭以负向调节耐旱性48

2.3 SnRK2蛋白激酶:磷酸化多种底物蛋白

植物特有的SnRK2(sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2)家族是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在调控植物干旱响应和渗透胁迫适应过程中发挥关键作用51。保卫细胞中多个离子通道及NADPH氧化酶已被鉴定为SnRK2激酶的底物。在干旱胁迫条件下,拟南芥保卫细胞中的SnRK2.6/OST1响应ABA信号并通过双重调控机制介导气孔关闭:一方面磷酸化阴离子外流通道SLAC1、QUAC1和钾离子内流通道KAT1,调控离子跨膜转运52-53;另一方面磷酸化NADPH氧化酶RBOHF促进ROS的产生53。有趣的是,最新研究发现,玉米的SnRK2.8/9通过磷酸化RAF样激酶ZmGCT1,减少其质膜定位,从而解除ZmGCT1对ZmSLAC1的抑制作用,正向调节玉米抗旱性54

大量研究表明,SnRK2激酶可通过磷酸化修饰多种转录因子,进而调控下游胁迫响应基因的转录激活,最终协调植物的逆境适应反应。ABRE结合因子(ABF)以及ABI5都属于bZIP转录因子家族,它们通过靶向干旱胁迫响应基因启动子区域存在的ABRE元件激活下游基因表达55。在拟南芥中,ABA诱导激活的SnRK2.2与AREB1、AREB2和ABF3直接相互作用56。微阵列分析发现,在AREB1AREB2ABF3的三重突变体中,许多干旱胁迫诱导基因的表达水平受到抑制,并且这些三重突变体显示出干旱胁迫敏感表型56。类似地,过表达ABI5的拟南芥植株在干旱条件下的存活率显著高于野生型57。水稻中,MADS-box转录因子OsMADS23直接激活靶基因OsNCED2/3/4OsP5CR的转录,调控ABA和脯氨酸的生物合成,赋予植物耐旱性58。进一步的研究表明,SAPK9以ABA依赖方式磷酸化OsMADS23增强其稳定性与转录活性,形成正反馈调节通路58。RAV1是拟南芥中SnRK2靶向的一个转录因子,其作为ABA信号转导的负调节因子抑制ABA响应基因(如ABI3ABI4ABI5)的表达59。与上述正调控因子不同,SnRK2.2、SnRK2.3和SnRK2.6介导的磷酸化可以抑制RAV1的活性59

3 GA代谢:干旱胁迫下转录重编程

作为经典的促进植物生长发育的激素,GA几乎参与调控整个植物生命周期的生长发育过程,包括种子发芽、茎的伸长、叶片扩张、花粉成熟以及花、果实和种子发育60-64。此外,越来越多的证据表明,植物体内生物活性GA含量降低及其信号转导途径受抑制是植物响应非生物胁迫的普遍机制之一,凸显了GA在抗逆方面的重要作用9

自最初发现以来,已经有130多种GA被鉴定,其中绝大部分为生物活性GA的前体或代谢产物,只有极少数具有生物活性,如GA1、GA3、GA4和GA78。在植物中,从GA前体牻牛儿基焦磷酸(geranylgeranyl diphosphate,GGDP)合成生物活性GA需要3类酶:萜烯合酶(terpene synthases,TPSs)、细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,P450s)和2-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶(2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases,2ODDs)8。该生物合成途径包含3个主要阶段:首先,质体中的两个TPS,戊二烯二磷酸合成酶(ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase,CPS)和贝壳杉烯合成酶(ent-kaurene synthase,KS)催化GGDP转化为贝壳杉烯(ent-kaurene)。然后,贝壳杉烯2个P450氧化酶——贝壳杉系氧化酶(ent-kaurene oxidase,KO)和贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶(ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase,KAO)逐步氧化为GA12。最后,由细胞质中的GA 20-氧化酶(GA20ox)和GA 3-氧化酶(GA3ox)催化形成活性GA865。GA的失活则主要受GA 2-氧化酶(GA2ox)调控。此外,赤霉素甲基转移酶(GAMT)以及部分P450氧化酶也行使着GA失活酶的功能66-67

与ABA的响应模式相反,干旱胁迫通常导致GA水平的下降9。最新的研究表明,这一过程主要通过GA代谢相关基因的转录重编程实现,并进一步证实了GA代谢基因在调节植物耐旱性中的重要作用。研究发现,水稻在脱水处理后,其GA生物合成基因GA20ox1GA3ox2的表达受到显著抑制,而GA失活基因GA2ox则被快速诱导表达,最终导致生物活性GA含量降低和DELLA蛋白SLR1的积累68。类似地,番茄在干旱胁迫下通过下调GA20ox1GA20ox2的表达,同时上调保卫细胞中GA2ox7的表达来抑制GA积累10。这种调控具有双重生理意义:一方面,保卫细胞内低GA水平有利于气孔关闭;另一方面,GA20ox1GA20ox2的下调抑制了叶片扩张以减少失水10。通过遗传改造GA代谢途径,研究人员已开发出多种耐旱植株(表269-74。例如,拟南芥中ga20ox1/2ga3ox1/2双突变体在断水处理后存活率显著提高9。番茄GA合成突变体gib相较于野生型积累了更高水平的渗透调节物质,并且能够在缺水条件下保持较高的叶片含水量和叶片膨胀度69。2024年的一项研究表明,在烟草中过表达梨PbrGA2ox1可显著提高ROS清除酶的基因表达量和酶活性,降低过氧化氢的积累,从而提升烟草对脱水的耐受性75。2023年,研究者利用CRISPR-Cas9系统编辑ZmGA20ox3基因,获得了半矮化且产量未减少的玉米植株,其多个干旱响应基因的表达显著上调,改善了干旱条件下玉米的农艺性状70。其他研究也证实,GA2ox6KS3AtGAMT1以及OsCYP71D8L等基因也是调控GA水平以改善植株株型、抗旱性和产量的重要靶点71-74

4 GA信号转导:调控干旱胁迫响应的多个维度

GRAS转录因子家族中的DELLA蛋白作为GA信号通路的关键负调控因子,通过抑制GA信号转导途径调控植物生长发育(图176-78。拟南芥基因组编码5种DELLA蛋白(RGA、GAI、RGL1、RGL2和RGL3),这些蛋白在功能上既存在冗余性又表现出一定的特异性7779-82。相比之下,水稻、大麦和番茄等物种中仅存在单个DELLA蛋白,即SLR1、SLN1和PROCERA7883-84。DELLA蛋白的降解过程受GA诱导:当GA与受体蛋白GID1结合后,引发GID1构象变化,形成GA-GID1-DELLA三元复合物85。该复合物被SCFSLY1/GID2E3泛素连接酶识别,最终通过26S蛋白酶体途径降解,从而解除DELLA对植物生长的抑制作用85。DELLA蛋白通过与众多转录因子及转录调控因子的相互作用调控下游基因的表达,其作用机制主要包括两种模式。其一,DELLA蛋白可以与转录因子相互作用形成转录激活复合体共同调控下游基因的表达。例如,拟南芥DELLA蛋白RGL2与ABI3、ABI5共同靶向并激活下游基因SOM的表达,从而抑制种子萌发86。其二,DELLA蛋白与转录因子或转录调控因子相互作用,使其与结合位点隔离,阻止它们激活促进生长发育的基因的表达。DELLA蛋白通过隔离转录因子PIF3和PIF4或染色质重塑复合物PKL,抑制下游基因的表达与下胚轴伸长87

研究表明,GA信号转导的关键组分会从多个维度影响干旱胁迫响应(见表2)。两个团队分别在近两年揭示了SLR1的表达水平与植物耐旱性的正相关性:SLR1表达降低的转基因植株(SLR1⁃RNAi)表现出较野生型更弱的耐旱性,而SLR1功能获得型突变体(slr1⁃d1)及其过表达株系(OE-SLR1)则表现出显著增强的耐旱表型,这充分证实了DELLA蛋白在植物抗旱机制中的重要作用6888。最新发表的分子机制研究发现,SLR1通过调节渗透保护物质的积累以及气孔运动增强水稻的耐旱性。具体而言,干旱胁迫诱导积累的SLR1会与另一核蛋白OsBURP3竞争性结合并调节其丰度,从而释放原本被OsBURP3结合的蔗糖合酶OsSUS1,使OsSUS1主要在细胞质中分布,参与蔗糖的合成,最终导致蔗糖含量升高以及气孔的关闭,此工作模型在玉米中同样存在,显示GA通过DELLA调控植物抗旱机制具有一定的普遍性88。类似地,过表达稳定DELLA蛋白PRO∆17的番茄植株在干旱胁迫下表现出蒸腾速率降低、叶片含水量增加以及气孔导度减小等典型抗旱表型89。此外,研究人员在2020年提出,GA信号通路还可以通过调控木质部发育来调节干旱条件下的水分运输。在番茄中GA受体GID1或F-box蛋白SLY1的缺失突变导致了GA活性降低,进而抑制木质部导管扩张,降低水力导度90。早期有研究表明,DELLA蛋白通过抑制高盐条件下ROS的积累促进了植物在逆境的生存,而干旱与盐胁迫均会引发渗透失衡和ROS积累,提示DELLA可能通过相似机制参与干旱胁迫调控91

5 干旱胁迫下的GA与ABA串扰

为响应不同的发育阶段和环境条件,植物体内GA和ABA的代谢与信号转导发生各种变化并相互交流,形成动态串扰系统,以维持GA和ABA之间的正确平衡,从而维持植物稳态(图1)。

5.1 ABA与GA水平:此起彼伏

ABA和GA最经典的拮抗事件便是对种子休眠与萌发的调控。在种子成熟过程中,内源性ABA不断积累,诱导并维持种子休眠,抑制胚胎活性92。而GA则通过拮抗ABA的作用来打破休眠,促进种子萌发93。种子可以感知各种环境信号(如光照和温度),以精准地调节GA和ABA的平衡,从而调整休眠并确保在最佳的时机下萌发94-96。例如,在黑暗环境下PIL5(phytochrome-interacting factor3-like5)通过抑制GA3ox1/GA3ox2表达并激活GA2ox2来降低GA水平,同时促进ABA1/NCED6/NCED9表达并抑制CYP707A2来提高ABA含量,从而抑制种子萌发97-98。此外,SOMNUS,CHO1和MYB96等转录因子也通过调控ABA和GA代谢基因的表达参与这一过程99-101

这种对GA和ABA代谢的拮抗调控机制同样参与植物干旱胁迫响应。正如前所述,干旱胁迫诱导ABA水平的快速增加,并显著抑制GA的积累。在此过程中,许多调控因子通过调控GA与ABA的平衡来介导植物的胁迫反应。以烟草为例,顺式冷杉醇合成基因NtCPS2敲除株系,植株气孔孔径增大,水分流失加剧,抗氧化能力显著下降102。进一步的研究发现,NtCPS2敲除株系在干旱胁迫下不仅GA含量升高且其合成基因表达上调,同时ABA含量及其合成基因表达受到抑制,这表明NtCPS2可能通过调控GA与ABA的比率正向调节植物的耐旱性102。类似地,DSS1/CYP96B4作为水稻CYP450基因簇的成员,其缺失突变体ABA水平增加而GA水平下降,导致萌发延迟与耐旱性增强103。另外,玉米ZmLBD5通过靶向多个GA合酶基因的启动子促进GA积累,同时负调控ABA水平,导致生长促进但损害耐旱性104

除受调控因子的拮抗调控外,GA和ABA代谢之间也存在直接的串扰关系。研究表明,在番茄中,外源ABA处理可抑制GA20ox2的表达,同时诱导GA2ox7的表达,该机制部分介导了干旱胁迫诱导的GA水平下降10。类似地,在玉米中,ZmGA20ox3基因的敲除直接影响了ABA合成途径,导致NCED1/3/4/9AAO3的表达水平显著提高,ABA含量随之显著增加70。此外,在干旱胁迫下,过表达梨的PbrGA2ox1基因不仅通过激活NCED的表达促进了ABA合成,还可增强ABA信号转导基因(如PYL1、SnRK2e、AREBDREB)的表达75。基于合成缺陷突变体的研究进一步证实了ABA和GA水平的拮抗关系。拟南芥aba2⁃2突变种子在种子吸胀、发育以及高温胁迫阶段,GA生物合成基因表达水平及GA含量均升高105。ABA生物合成基因(ABA1、NCED6NCED9)在ga1突变体中的表达高于野生型种子,而ABA分解代谢基因CYP707A2的表达则被抑制97。最新的研究发现,激素转运调控也参与GA-ABA互作网络。RNA-seq和RT-qPCR分析确定了番茄DELLA蛋白PRO促进了保卫细胞中ABA转运蛋白AIT1.1的表达,从而促进ABA积累并诱导气孔关闭106

5.2 GA与ABA信号转导:多个串扰节点连接信号通路的关键组分

由GA和ABA信号级联通路关键组分介导的信号转导变化是GA与ABA串扰的另一重要机制。研究发现,水稻TAD1/TE基因编码E3泛素连接酶APC/C的共激活因子,能够负调控水稻分蘖与耐旱性,并整合GA和ABA信号通路68107。TAD1既与GA信号核心抑制因子SLR1结合,又靶向ABA受体PYL10;蛋白质丰度分析显示,TAD1促进了PYL10的降解,同时提高了SLR1的稳定性68。进一步研究表明,SLR1与TAD1的竞争性结合抑制了APC/CTAD1-PYLs复合体的形成,稳定了PYL10,这一调控模式在突变体中得到验证:PYL10在slr1⁃d1中积累,而在slr1突变体中显著降低68。此外,受ABA诱导的SnRK2家族成员(SAPK8、SAPK9和SAPK10)通过磷酸化TAD1阻断其对ABA受体的降解作用68107。在番茄中,研究者同样发现DELLA正调控ABA受体:番茄DELLA蛋白PRO通过上调两个ABA受体基因(SlPYR1SlPYL8⁃2)在保卫细胞中的表达而增强气孔对ABA的敏感性89

NAC家族蛋白作为植物特异性转录因子,在植物对非生物胁迫的响应中扮演关键角色108。最新研究揭示了OsNAC120整合GA和ABA信号通路调控植物生长与耐旱性平衡的新机制。OsNAC120通过特异性识别靶基因启动子中的CACG-box基序,激活GA合成基因(OsGA20ox1OsGA20ox3)的表达并抑制ABA合成基因(OsNCED3OsNCED4)的转录109。这一过程受到SLR1和SnRK2的双重调控:一方面SLR1与OsNAC120结合阻断其转录激活活性;另一方面OsSAPK9介导的磷酸化修饰促进OsNAC120降解109。有趣的是,核因子OsNF-YA3在渗透胁迫响应中展现出与OsNAC120相似的分子调控机制110。SLR1与SAPK9分别抑制OsNF-YA3的转录激活活性和稳定性,进而影响OsNF-YA3对ABA和GA代谢基因的调控110。核因子Y的另外一类亚基NF-YC家族也在种子的休眠与萌发调控中介导了GA与ABA的串扰。例如,NF-YC3、NF-YC4和NF-YC9与拟南芥DELLA蛋白RGL2相互作用,靶向ABI5的启动子并激活其转录,从而增强ABA信号转导途径111。5个NF-YC(NF-YC8-12)通过调节GA和ABA相关基因的表达,并与SAPK激酶相互作用,共同参与调控籽粒品质和种子萌发112。此外,XERICO通过上调ABA生物合成和ABA反应基因的表达赋予拟南芥和水稻更高的耐旱性113-115。随后的研究发现,XERICO是DELLA的靶标基因之一,其转录水平受DELLA正向调控,因此DELLA可能通过诱导XERICO表达而放大ABA信号输出115

6 GA-ABA串扰的新机制:干旱响应中的潜在保守机制

作为一对典型的拮抗激素,GA和ABA的串扰机制研究取得了一些重要进展。近年来,随着多个关键调控模块的发现,GA-ABA串扰网络的分子框架逐渐明晰。虽然这些模块多源于植物生长发育的相关研究,其在植物耐旱性调控中的具体功能仍需深入解析,但了解这些新发现的机制将为耐旱性研究提供重要线索。

ABI4是包含APETALA 2(AP2)结构域的转录因子(ATF),作为增强子参与ABA信号转导。研究表明,ABI4直接结合NCED6GA2ox7基因启动子调控其转录,从而协调ABA和GA的代谢平衡,影响了植物生长发育的多个过程116。ABA通过促进ABI4转录及蛋白稳定性正向调控其功能,而GA则发挥抑制作用116。研究发现,ABI4可直接激活DELLA蛋白RGL2的表达,并与RGL2特异性结合形成异源二聚体相互稳定,共同调控下游基因的表达,其转录激活能力受到ABA促进而GA抑制117。事实上,许多ATF被报道参与调控ABA和GA代谢途径,介导ABA和GA间的拮抗118。例如,水稻OsAP2-39同时激活ABA合成基因OsNCED1和GA失活基因OsEUI的表达,从而精细调节ABA和GA的平衡119

E3 SUMO连接酶SIZ1可能是连接GA和ABA信号通路的新节点。在拟南芥种子萌发过程中,SIZ1介导ABI5的SUMO化修饰,从而负向调控ABA信号转导120。最近的一项研究表明,SIZ1还可SUMO化修饰SLY1,增强其蛋白稳定性并促进其对DELLA蛋白RGA的降解,进而激活GA信号通路121。此外,组蛋白脱乙酰酶HDA705和miR528过表达引起的ABA水平上调与GA水平下调,暗示了表观遗传在激素互作调控的潜在作用122-123

7 结 语

ABA和GA不仅通过各自独立的代谢与信号通路发挥重要作用,更通过多层次的互作网络精准协调植物生长发育与逆境适应之间的动态平衡。本综述系统地归纳了GA与ABA拮抗串扰的3大核心机制:(1)通过代谢基因的转录重编程调控激素含量;(2)通过激素转运蛋白介导空间重分配,实现激素的位点特异性活性;(3)通过核心信号转导组分之间的相互作用调控激素反应性。上述机制的解析不仅为深入理解植物激素信号网络的复杂性提供了新的范例,也为作物抗逆性状的遗传改良提供了潜在的理论基础。

尽管GA-ABA调控网络的研究取得了显著进展,但由于激素调控网络的高度复杂性,仍存在众多关键科学问题亟待突破。作为必需的生长调节因子,GA和ABA在植物体内通常受到负反馈机制调节以维持稳态。值得注意的是,GA与ABA在不同发育阶段及组织器官中表现出显著的功能特异性,其动态平衡随生长需求变化而不断打破与重建。例如,在种子成熟与休眠阶段,ABA积累协同GA水平下降抑制萌发;而感知萌发信号后,ABA/GA平衡逆转打破休眠。干旱胁迫响应中,ABA水平升高而GA水平下降,以增强植物耐旱性;胁迫解除后,GA合成增加促进植物生长发育。这一动态平衡的精确调控引发关键科学问题:激素水平扰动是如何与稳态调控机制相协调;GA与ABA信号途径如何被精确调控,从而在不同发育阶段产生正确的信号输出。解开这些问题不仅能够深化对植物激素互作原理的认知,更有望为精准农业、节水抗旱等生产实践提供新策略——通过定向调控GA和ABA的动态平衡实现抗逆性与产量的协同提升。

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