植物细胞器RNA编辑研究进展

胡骏 ,  王嘉轩 ,  谢斌

生物资源 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1) : 1 -12.

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生物资源 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1) : 1 -12. DOI: 10.14188/j.ajsh.20250807001
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植物细胞器RNA编辑研究进展

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Research progress on RNA editing of plant organelles

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摘要

RNA编辑是一种重要的转录后修饰机制,广泛发生于动植物中,发挥重要的生物学功能。尤其在植物线粒体和叶绿体中更为常见,对调控细胞器基因表达、维持其功能完整性以及植物发育与逆境适应具有重要意义。近年来,随着高通量测序技术与生物信息学工具的不断进步以及功能基因组研究深入,植物RNA编辑的研究取得了显著进展。论文系统总结了植物RNA编辑的研究方法,重点梳理了植物线粒体与叶绿体中RNA编辑的最新研究成果,涵盖关键编辑因子(如PPR、MORF与DYW蛋白)的识别机制与作用模式,进一步探讨了RNA编辑在植物应对非生物胁迫中的潜在功能。通过汇总近年来的研究进展,旨在为深入解析RNA编辑的分子机制及其在作物改良中的应用潜力提供理论依据与研究参考。

Abstract

RNA editing is a crucial post-transcriptional modification widely occurred in plants and animals, playing essential biological functions. It is especially common in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts, and is of great significance for regulating organelle gene expression, functional maintenance, and plant development and stress adaptation. In recent years, significant progress has been made in plant RNA editing research due to advances in high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics tools and functional genomics. In this review, we first summarize the current research methodologies for RNA editing, then focus on the recent findings related to mitochondrial and chloroplast RNA editing, emphasizing the roles and mechanisms of key editing factors such as PPR, MORF, and DYW proteins. Moreover, we explore the potential functions of RNA editing in plant responses to abiotic stresses. This review aims to provide theoretical insight and references for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of RNA editing and its applications in crop improvement.

关键词

RNA编辑 / PPR蛋白 / 线粒体 / 叶绿体

Key words

RNA editing / pentatricopeptide repeat protein / mitochondrion / chloroplast

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胡骏,王嘉轩,谢斌. 植物细胞器RNA编辑研究进展[J]. 生物资源, 2026, 48(1): 1-12 DOI:10.14188/j.ajsh.20250807001

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0 引 言

RNA编辑(RNA editing)是一种在转录后对RNA分子的碱基序列进行精确修饰的机制,主要通过碱基的插入、删除或替换,导致其与基因组DNA序列产生差异,从而调控基因表达并增加转录组和蛋白质组的复杂性1。这一现象最早于1986年在锥虫线粒体中发现,研究人员观察到其coxⅡ基因转录本中含有DNA未编码的尿苷酸残基,首次提出了“RNA编辑”的概念2。此后,1989年在月见草线粒体中检测到C-to-U的碱基替换3,1991年又在玉米叶绿体中得到了进一步验证4,证实了RNA编辑在高等植物中普遍存在。

RNA编辑广泛存在于动植物体内,在植物中主要发生于线粒体和叶绿体基因的转录本,表现为C-to-U、U-to-C或A-to-I的碱基替换5-6。编辑过程不仅参与细胞器功能维持,还与植物的生长发育、育性调控、胚发育、光合作用及环境胁迫响应等密切相关7。在动物中,RNA编辑以APOBEC酶家族催化的C-to-U和ADAR酶家族催化的A-to-I为主,广泛调控神经系统功能、免疫反应及多种疾病过程8-9

近年来,随着测序技术的进步和生物信息学工具的完善,大量RNA编辑事件被鉴定,推动了对其分子机制的深入探索。在植物中,RNA编辑依赖于多种蛋白因子的协同作用,尤其是由PPR(pentatricopeptide repeat)蛋白主导的编辑复合体10。而在动物及微生物领域,CRISPR/Cas系统的兴起为RNA靶向编辑提供了全新的工具,Cas13及其工程化变体(如REPAIR和RESCUE系统)已实现对特定位点RNA的编程编辑,具备较大的生物技术应用潜力11-12

本文梳理了植物RNA编辑领域的最新进展,总结关键因子及其调控网络,以帮助后续基础研究与农业应用。本文概述了植物RNA编辑研究的方法与技术手段,涵盖传统检测方式、高通量测序、计算分析工具及相关数据库资源;分别从分子机制、功能研究及环境适应性等角度,详细综述了植物线粒体和叶绿体RNA编辑的最新研究进展,重点介绍了相关编辑因子如MORF(multiple organellar RNA editing factor)、PPR与DYW家族蛋白的作用模式及其调控网络;同样探讨了RNA编辑在植物应对非生物胁迫中的潜在功能,为后续深入揭示其生物学意义与应用价值提供理论基础。

1 RNA编辑的研究方法

植物RNA编辑研究的发展依赖于多维度技术体系的进步,主要涵盖编辑位点的鉴定、编辑效率的定量分析及编辑机制的解析。

1.1 早期经典方法

在高通量技术尚不普及的阶段,RNA编辑研究主要依赖RT-PCR结合Sanger测序的方法。研究人员针对目标基因RNA进行逆转录扩增,并与其基因组DNA序列比对,通过分析测序峰图中双峰或碱基错配来判断编辑事件的发生6。此外,RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术也可以用作检测RNA编辑的方法,通过结合基因特异引物与接头/加尾策略,分别获得mRNA的5'或3'端cDNA序列;在植物线粒体或叶绿体中,常与环化RT-PCR共同使用,精准绘制转录起始位点与终止位点及其两侧的UTR区域,若编辑位点落在这些边界附近(如启动子邻近区域或末端poly(A)加尾前),就能被捕获并测序验证13-14

1.2 高通量测序技术

随着Illumina平台的广泛应用,高通量测序技术成为RNA编辑研究的主流技术。通过去除核糖体RNA或富集mRNA,可以构建富集于细胞器RNA的文库,从而在全转录组范围内识别RNA与DNA之间的碱基差异15。然而,该方法仍面临rRNA比例高、低丰度mRNA覆盖度不足等挑战。

DSN-seq(duplex-specific nuclease sequencing)是一种新兴的、适用于高等植物的转录组测序策略,利用双链特异性核酸酶(duplex-specific nuclease,DSN)在高温下选择性降解高丰度rRNA来源的cDNA,进而显著提升低丰度器官RNA的检测灵敏度16。该方法无需商业rRNA去除试剂盒,具有较低成本和更广泛的物种适用性。在拟南芥和水稻的研究中,DSN-seq不仅显著减少了rRNA读数比例,同时提升了线粒体和叶绿体转录本的覆盖度,检测到更多RNA编辑位点,且准确性已通过Sanger测序验证。因此,DSN-seq有望成为未来RNA编辑研究中重要且实用的技术手段之一。

1.3 RNA结合蛋白交联富集方法

为研究RNA编辑因子与其靶RNA之间的相互作用,CLIP-seq(cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing)和RIP-seq(RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing)被广泛应用。该类方法通过紫外交联或免疫共沉淀手段分离特定RNA结合蛋白及其相互作用的RNA,再进行高通量测序。通过RIP-seq技术对玉米非PPR类编辑因子OZ1、ORRM1与RIP9的结合谱进行分析,发现OZ1与ORRM1主要富集于低翻译效率的RNA上,而RIP9则呈广谱结合模式,揭示了不同编辑因子的靶RNA选择偏好17。该类方法适用于编辑因子的靶标确认及功能机制解析,但实验流程较为复杂,依赖高特异性的抗体资源。

1.4 生物信息学分析方法

高通量数据的产生促进了RNA编辑事件的计算识别。常用工具如REDItools可通过比对RNA-seq与基因组序列,识别碱基替换事件18;ChloroSeq和RES-Scanner等专用于分析植物器官RNA编辑,适用于C-to-U和U-to-C转换的识别19。此外,基于机器学习的预测工具如PlantC2U和iPReditor-CMG可通过深度学习模型或支持向量机算法,根据序列特征预测编辑位点,在无转录组数据时亦可辅助分析20-21

数据库方面,REDIdb 3.0是专门用于植物细胞器RNA编辑事件的数据库,目前已收录超过26 000条编辑记录,覆盖线粒体和叶绿体转录本22;PED(plant editosome database)则整合编辑位点与编辑因子信息,提供跨物种的功能注释和实验验证数据23,为后续编辑因子筛选与功能研究提供了重要资源。

2 植物线粒体RNA编辑

植物线粒体RNA编辑主要表现为C到U的转化,其在调控线粒体功能、植物生长发育以及非生物胁迫应答中发挥重要作用。该过程主要由3类核编码蛋白协同执行:PPR蛋白可以识别特定的靶标RNA序列24,MORF蛋白可以稳定编辑复合体结构,DYW结构域蛋白则执行脱氨酶催化反应25-26。PPR蛋白家族在陆生植物中极为庞大,是RNA编辑特异性的主要决定因素27。根据其C端结构域的差异,PPR蛋白主要分为P和PLS亚家族,PLS亚家族可进一步细分为PPR-E、PPR-E+和PPR-DYW 3个亚类24

在系统分析水稻胚乳发育过程的线粒体编辑组时,研究者发现,大多数编辑位点位于线粒体重要基因的CDS区,且大多为C-to-U,编辑发生后大多情况下导致疏水氨基酸增加而改变线粒体蛋白的结构,并呈高度保守性,表明RNA编辑在维持线粒体蛋白结构与功能中具有关键作用28。近年来,多项研究从分子机制、结构基础及生理功能等角度对这一过程进行了深入探索。

MORF蛋白是编辑复合体中关键的调控组分,其不仅作为PPR蛋白与脱氨酶之间的桥梁因子,还可以直接影响编辑体的稳定性与特异性。研究发现拟南芥AtRIP2、ZmRIP9、AtRIP9等MORF蛋白可以抑制rAtDYW1蛋白的RNA水解活性;进一步研究发现,MORF蛋白是通过构象变化的方式抑制DYW蛋白的非特异性水解活性,从而提高编辑反应的精准性26。此外,MORF蛋白可以通过蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用辅助PPR-E蛋白募集脱氨酶,ZmMORF1和ZmMORF8可增强EMP7与PCW1的结合,从而辅助编辑过程,如ccmFN-1553位点编辑需要EMP7、bCCP1和PCW1以提高编辑效率29

GEND2是拟南芥线粒体PLS型PPR蛋白,gend2⁃1突变体中该基因的表达受损,导致根系发育异常,并显著降低CcmFn⁃1RPSL2ORFX等6个位点的RNA编辑效率30。这些基因分别涉及细胞色素成熟、线粒体核糖体组装及TAT转运通道功能。gend2⁃1还可以激活ANAC017依赖的线粒体功能失调应答通路以及ANAC017非依赖的根生长抑制通路,提示PPR蛋白可以通过调控电子传递链相关基因的编辑,影响线粒体能量代谢和器官发育。

水稻中RNA编辑因子PPS1(pollen partial sterility 1)参与调控线粒体nad3转录本上5个连续的C-to-U编辑位点的RNA编辑。nad3基因转录本上5个连续位点(nad3-155、172、173、190、191)的C-to-U编辑效率相较于野生型在突变体中严重下降,导致所编码的3个氨基酸均不能由丝氨酸变为亮氨酸,最终导致植物出现矮化、花粉部分不育等表型31。水稻中的PPR蛋白OsPPR674参与线粒体ccmC基因转录本第299位点的编辑,ppr674突变体中该位点的编辑完全缺失,导致ccmC编码蛋白功能受损,从而引发株高降低、结实率下降及耐旱性减弱等多重表型32。FLO22也是一类典型的PPR蛋白,它不仅参与水稻nad1基因的内含子剪接,还与其他蛋白协同介导多个位点的C-to-U编辑,包括nad2-152、nad3-275和nad4L-55等。flo22突变体中上述位点的编辑效率下降,导致复合体I组装效率受损,进而影响胚乳发育33

在玉米中,PPR-E类蛋白bCCP1与PPR-E+蛋白EMP7通过协同招募非典型PPR-DYW蛋白PCW1,共同完成多个基因的编辑,其中包括ccmFn-1553、nad7-548和rps3-109等位点。双突变体bccp1emp7表现出严重的种子发育障碍,表明该编辑模块对于胚乳形成具有不可替代的作用。进一步的分析表明,PCW1调控102个位点的编辑,bCCP1作为桥接因子连接靶位点与PCW1,MORF蛋白则进一步稳定该复合体的构建29。玉米DEK56基因编码的线粒体定位PPR-E蛋白通过特异性调控matR-1124位点的C-to-U编辑和nad4内含子剪接,维持线粒体呼吸链复合体I的功能完整性。DEK56突变导致matR蛋白异常、NAD4表达下降及ATP合成受阻,导致缺乏茎尖分生组织,引发胚胎发育停滞、胚乳淀粉含量降低及线粒体结构塌陷;互作实验进一步揭示,DEK56通过招募ZmMORF8/ZmGRP23-PCW1形成编辑复合体,为解析PPR蛋白调控种子发育的分子机制提供了新证据34。报告了PPR蛋白EMP80在玉米线粒体中nad7-769和atp4-118位点的RNA编辑中的功能。EMP80功能的丧失会破坏这些位点的编辑,导致NAD7和ATP4蛋白中氨基酸的改变,影响线粒体复合物I和V的组装和活性,最终导致玉米胚胎发生和胚乳发育的停滞35

DYW结构域的主要功能是执行脱氨酶催化反应。DYW1缺乏许多PPR型RNA编辑因子中发现的完整DYW脱氨酶结构域,通过分析拟南芥DYW1的N端截短的DYW结构域的晶体结构,揭示了一个胞嘧啶脱氨酶折叠和一个含有锌离子的C端DYW基序。由于DYW1缺乏与PG盒相对应的两个结构保守的β链,这表明它可能无法形成完整的目标核苷酸结合口袋,推测需要从PPR蛋白(如CRR4)招募PG盒及其周围区域,才能赋予DYW1催化活性36。蛋白质GRP23在拟南芥线粒体的E型编辑体中起核心作用。研究发现37,GRP23可以与多种MORF蛋白和PPR-DYW蛋白相互作用,增强PPR-E蛋白与转脱氨酶MEF8/MEF8S的相互作用,并且还可以协助PPR-DYW蛋白招募第2个脱氨酶,进一步加深对植物细胞器中RNA编辑网络的理解。

线粒体RNA编辑在植物非生物胁迫响应中也具有重要功能。干旱胁迫条件下,小麦nad9转录本的RNA编辑模式发生显著变化,耐旱型品种Giza168的nad9基因有22个编辑位点,而敏感型品种Gemmiza10仅有19个,并且干旱可显著提高Giza168中部分位点的编辑效率,从而优化NAD9蛋白结构,增强线粒体功能,提高抗旱性,强调了RNA编辑在植物抗旱性方面的作用38。此外,SOP10是一种定位于线粒体的PPR蛋白,调控nad6nad7nad9等基因的编辑和剪接。SOP10的突变会损害nad4nad5转录本的内含子剪接,并降低nad2nad6rps4转录本的RNA编辑效率,导致线粒体复合物I缺陷,超氧阴离子积累升高,对冷胁迫敏感性增加,揭示了RNA编辑在水稻抗冷胁迫过程中的重要作用39

为全面梳理植物线粒体RNA编辑中PPR蛋白的研究进展,本文汇总了近年来在模式植物中已明确参与RNA编辑并影响生长发育的重要PPR蛋白(表1)。这些因子的缺失常常导致能量代谢紊乱、胚胎致死或雄性不育,显示其在细胞器功能维持中的关键作用。

3 植物叶绿体RNA编辑研究进展

叶绿体是植物进行光合作用的核心细胞器,其基因表达的精确调控同样对植物生长发育和环境适应性至关重要。作为关键的转录后修饰机制,RNA编辑通过校正基因编码信息,确保了众多关键蛋白质的结构与功能得以恢复,从而维持光合系统的稳定运行。近年来,围绕叶绿体编辑体的组成、调控网络及其在响应内外源信号中的作用也取得了显著进展。

与线粒体类似,叶绿体RNA编辑也依赖一系列特异性PPR蛋白的协同作用。表2列出了部分已知叶绿体定位的PPR蛋白、其靶标基因及相应的突变体表型,以便全面了解RNA编辑在光合作用与叶绿体发育中的功能机制。

多重细胞器RNA编辑因子(MORF,或称RIP)家族是植物RNA编辑体不可或缺的核心组分,它们不仅作为支架蛋白稳定编辑复合物,还在位点识别和催化过程中扮演着关键的调控角色93。全基因组分析已在多种植物中鉴定出MORF家族成员,例如在甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中鉴定出43个BnMORF基因94;在猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)中鉴定出10个AcMORF基因95。在玉米中,质体PPR-E+编辑体由PPR-E+蛋白、脱氨酶ZmDYW2A/B、衔接蛋白ZmNUWA以及ZmMORF2/8/9共同组成,凸显了MORF蛋白在构建功能性编辑复合体中的基础作用96

MORF蛋白的功能对于叶绿体的正常发育至关重要。例如,在水稻中,通过CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除OsMORF9基因,可以导致植株表现出白化和幼苗致死表型,深入分析发现,osmorf9突变体中,与光合作用、叶绿体核糖体生物合成以及特定质体RNA的编辑和剪接相关的基因表达均受到严重影响。进一步的酵母双杂交实验证明,OsMORF9蛋白能够与PPR蛋白家族的成员OsSLA4和DUA1相互作用,共同参与叶绿体发育的精密调控97。MORF蛋白不仅是编辑体的静态组分,其本身也受到复杂的动态调控,并介导植物对环境信号的响应。在高温胁迫下,拟南芥中的MORF8蛋白会在叶绿体内发生可逆的类固态凝聚,这种相变过程会捕获包括多种PPR蛋白在内的大量的编辑因子,从而全局性地抑制RNA编辑活性,特别是影响编码NADH脱氢酶样(NDH)复合物相关基因转录本的编辑,最终导致NDH复合物活性受损和光合效率下降98。这项研究将MORF8定位为一个潜在的叶绿体温度感应器,揭示了生物大分子相变在调控RNA编辑以应对环境胁迫中的关键作用。

PPR蛋白以其高度的序列特异性,负责识别靶标RNA转录本,其功能的正常发挥是叶绿体功能完整性的前提1993。许多PPR蛋白的功能缺失会导致严重的生长发育缺陷:在水稻中,PPR蛋白SSA1被证实对早期叶绿体发育至关重要。ssa1突变体表现出白化致死,其叶绿体ndhB基因转录本上第737位点的编辑效率以及atpFycf3-2内含子的剪接均受到严重破坏。互作实验表明,SSA1蛋白能与RNA编辑辅助因子OsMORF8和硫氧还蛋白OsTRXz相互作用,协同调控叶绿体基因的转录后加工91

除了MORF和PPR蛋白,叶绿体RNA编辑的顺利进行还依赖于催化脱氨反应的酶以及其他多种调控蛋白的协同作用,形成一个复杂的调控网络。

DYW结构域被认为是C-to-U编辑的催化中心,对DYW结构域的晶体结构解析揭示了一种精巧的门控锌快门(gated zinc shutter)调控机制。该结构域通过一个保守的门控模块在空间和机理上调控催化活性中心的开放与关闭。研究表明,DYW结构域在非活性状态下处于一种自抑制的构象,在编辑体组装等特定的生理条件下被激活,从而确保脱氨反应的精准发生99

在玉米中,ZmPPR26基因编码一个DYW型PPR蛋白,其突变体zmppr26呈现白化幼苗致死表型。研究证实,该突变体完全丧失了对叶绿体atpA基因转录本上第1 148位点的C-to-U编辑能力,该位点的正常编辑会使编码的氨基酸由丝氨酸(Ser)变为疏水性更强的亮氨酸(Leu)。RNA编辑的缺失导致错误氨基酸无法修正,进而使得叶绿体ATP合酶的积累量显著下降,最终影响光合复合物的稳定性和叶绿体的正常建成86。玉米中的Dek570-1是一种PPR-DYW蛋白,其突变不仅影响线粒体中多个位点的编辑,导致种子和植株发育缺陷,同时该蛋白也被证实可以定位于叶绿体。在dek570-1突变体的叶绿体中,rpl20基因转录本上308位点的C-to-U编辑效率显著降低,影响了部分rRNA和质体基因的表达,最终导致叶绿素积累减少和光合速率下降,表明该蛋白在协调线粒体和叶绿体功能中发挥双重作用100

此外,叶绿体RNA编辑还受到其他非经典编辑因子的调控,这些发现将RNA编辑与叶绿体的核心生理过程更紧密地联系在一起。最新研究发现,拟南芥中核编码的叶绿体RNA聚合酶RPOTp,除了其经典的转录功能外,也参与了RNA编辑的调控。RPOTp蛋白能够与MORF2、MORF8、MORF9以及ORRM1等多个已知的RNA编辑因子直接相互作用,并通过影响MORFs蛋白的二聚化来调节RNA编辑的效率。这一发现首次将叶绿体的转录机制与转录后修饰过程直接联系起来,揭示了两者之间可能存在协同调控机制101。此外,叶绿体ATP合酶的γ亚基ATPC1也被发现能调节多个质体RNA的编辑,atpc1突变体不仅光合作用严重受损,其多个RNA编辑位点的效率也发生了显著改变。进一步的互作分析表明,ATPC1是通过与MORF、ORRM1和OZ1等核心编辑因子相互作用来发挥其调控功能的,这表明叶绿体的能量状态和代谢水平能够通过ATP合酶这一关键节点直接反馈基因表达的转录后调控过程102。在冷胁迫条件下,拟南芥中的RNA结合蛋白HPE1则通过与MORF2和MORF9互作,特异性地提高了rpoC-488、ndhB-149等基因的编辑效率,以此促进低温下的光合作用,揭示了一条由RNA编辑介导的、响应环境温度变化的信号通路103

4 总结与展望

RNA编辑作为一种在转录后水平上改变遗传信息的机制,使得mRNA产物不再严格对应于DNA模板序列,从而打破了中心法则的传统框架,极大地丰富了蛋白质产物的多样性和调控的灵活性。植物RNA编辑作为细胞器基因表达调控的重要环节,近年来在机制解析与功能研究方面取得了显著进展。然而,随着研究的深入,仍有诸多关键科学问题亟待解决。

RNA编辑位点识别与调控机制仍不完全清晰。虽然已有大量PPR、MORF与DYW蛋白被鉴定为核心编辑因子,但其间的协同关系、复合体组装顺序及时空动态变化仍缺乏系统性解释。尤其是在某些孤立位点或非典型编辑因子的识别上,现有模型难以完全覆盖,未来可结合蛋白质互作组学、单分子成像等手段进一步解析。

RNA编辑与植物发育及胁迫响应的关联尚需深化。越来越多的证据表明,RNA编辑不仅参与基础代谢过程,还与抗旱、抗寒、胚发育及育性调控密切相关。然而,在这些复杂表型背后,不同编辑因子是如何通过靶RNA的编辑精确调节细胞器功能,从而引发生理变化,目前仍缺乏机制层面的贯通研究。因此,结合突变体表型、代谢组及线粒体、叶绿体功能分析将成为未来研究的重点方向。

值得注意的是,部分PPR蛋白可在叶绿体与线粒体中双定位或调控双重靶标,这提示RNA编辑网络存在功能耦合与空间协同(表3)。未来针对此类编辑因子的研究将有助于揭示细胞器之间信号传导与功能调控的潜在联系。

在RNA编辑领域的研究中,多组学与智能预测手段的整合应用仍具巨大潜力。RNA编辑位点的精准识别和因子功能预测仍依赖大规模生物信息学分析。未来的研究方向可以侧重于机器学习、深度神经网络等算法在编辑因子预测、靶位点识别及调控网络构建中的应用,并结合实验验证实现闭环。此外,跨物种编辑事件的比较分析也有助于揭示编辑机制的演化规律与功能保守性。

综上所述,随着研究工具的不断完善和理论体系的逐步构建,植物RNA编辑领域正迈入机制与功能并重、基础研究与应用开发并进的新阶段。对RNA编辑系统的深入解析,不仅有助于理解植物基因表达调控的复杂性,也将为提升作物性状和适应性提供新的分子策略。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金:水稻线粒体RNA编辑与雄性不育的研究(31670310)

湖北省创新群体:红莲型杂交水稻种质挖掘与利用(2020CFA009)

红莲型杂交水稻育性调控机制研究及平台建设(2024CSA059)

江汉大米专用水稻新品种培育(2024BBA005)

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