血浆基质在牙槽嵴保存术中的应用

张玉峰; 张晓欣

doi:10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.03.001

口腔疾病防治 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3) : 161 -168. DOI: 10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.03.001

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血浆基质在牙槽嵴保存术中的应用

张玉峰, 张晓欣

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Application of the plasmatrix in alveolar ridge preservation

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摘要

拔牙后，牙槽嵴软硬组织会发生明显吸收，牙槽嵴保存术目标在于尽量维持牙槽嵴软硬组织体积与形态，为种植体的植入提供适当条件。目前牙槽嵴保存术拔牙窝的多种分类方式存在难以直接指导移植材料的选择和临床操作、颗粒状骨替代材料空间维持能力不足导致成骨效果不佳等问题。血浆基质是一种自体血液提取物，能有效提高组织再生效果。本文阐述了拔牙后软硬组织丧失的特点及血浆基质在牙槽嵴保存术中的主要应用形式（液态血浆基质、固态血浆基质膜/塞、血浆基质骨块），对需要进行牙槽嵴保存术的牙槽窝进行了新的分类，并就应用血浆基质行牙槽嵴保存术的临床操作方法进行推荐：第一类为拔牙窝不存在骨组织缺损，伴或不伴软组织缺损;第二类为拔牙窝存在骨组织缺损，双侧骨壁缺损均小于50%，伴或不伴软组织缺损;第三类为拔牙窝存在骨组织缺损，双侧骨壁至少有一侧缺损大于50%，伴或不伴软组织缺损。在第一类拔牙窝中可填入固态血浆基质膜或组织塞，再次注射液态血浆基质，双层固态血浆基质膜封闭拔牙窝;在第二类拔牙窝中可填入血浆基质骨块，注射液态血浆基质二次固化后，使用可吸收胶原膜及双层固态血浆基质膜关闭拔牙窝;在第三类拔牙窝中利用帐篷钉维持高度，再植入血浆基质骨块，注射液态血浆基质二次固化后，使用可吸收胶原膜及双层固态血浆基质膜关闭拔牙窝。本文旨在为口腔临床医师全面了解血浆基质、简化牙槽嵴保存术临床决策及操作提供参考。

Abstract

After tooth extraction, significant absorption occurs in the soft and hard tissues of the alveolar ridge. The goal of alveolar ridge preservation is to maintain the volume and shape of the alveolar ridge's soft and hard tissues as much as possible so as to provide suitable conditions for implant placement. Currently, there are challenges in classifying the socket for alveolar ridge preservation, such as the difficulty in directly guiding the selection of graft materials and clinical procedures and the insufficient space for particle xenograft maintenance, resulting in poor bone regeneration. Plasmatrix is an autologous blood derivative that effectively enhances tissue regeneration. This article introduced the characteristics of soft and hard tissue defects after tooth extraction and the primary applications of plasmatrix for alveolar ridge preservation (liquid plasmatrix, solid plasmatrix membrane/plug, and plasmatrix bone blocks) as well as the proposed methods for the reclassification of sockets for alveolar ridge preservation based on soft and hard tissue defects at the extraction site to facilitate the creation of clinical recommendations. The proposed classifications are as follows: Class I, extraction socket without bone defect, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅱ, extraction socket with bone defect, both sides with bone wall defect less than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅲ, extraction socket with bone tissue defect, at least one side with bone wall defect greater than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect. For the Class I socket, a solid plasmatrix membrane or plug is inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix, using a double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅡ socket, plasmatrix bone blocks are inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅢ socket, tenting screws are used to maintain height, followed by implantation of plasmatrix bone blocks, injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive knowledge of plasmatrix for oral clinicians to serve as a reference to simplify the clinical decision-making process and procedures for alveolar ridge preservation.