磁场成骨效应在口腔领域的应用及机制研究进展

陈金泉; 刘宇妍; 王国庆; 孙秀梅

doi:10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.04.009

口腔疾病防治 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4) : 302 -309. DOI: 10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.04.009

综述

磁场成骨效应在口腔领域的应用及机制研究进展

陈金泉, 刘宇妍, 王国庆, 孙秀梅

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Research progress on applications and mechanisms of osteogenesis effect of magnetic fields in oral field

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摘要

磁场是一种安全、无创的物理治疗方法。大量研究证实磁场具有良好的成骨效应，在加速正畸牙移动、促进种植体骨整合、促进骨折愈合和提高牵张成骨效果等方面有一定的临床应用价值，有望成为治疗口腔疾病的一种有效辅助手段。为更好地将磁场应用于临床，本文就磁场在口腔领域的应用、对骨组织细胞的生物学效应和磁场调控骨代谢的分子机制三方面进行综述。磁场对骨组织细胞的生物学效应主要体现为促进成骨细胞和间充质干细胞的成骨，降低骨细胞的凋亡率，对破骨细胞的影响则尚无定论。在分子层面，骨组织细胞感应并响应磁刺激，磁信号经位移电流、洛伦磁力和自由基对效应等机制转变为生物可识别的电信号，进而激活下游P2嘌呤能受体、腺苷受体信号通路、转化生长因子-β受体信号通路、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）和Notch通路等信号网络。此外，本文还探讨了影响磁场成骨效应的因素——磁场参数，以期为临床医生提供参考。然而，磁场成骨效应的作用机制目前尚未明确，继续深入研究磁场的作用机制可为骨组织再生和牙周组织再生提供有效策略。另外，聚焦磁场的作用靶点，将磁场与其他药物联合应用，可为口腔疾病的治疗提供新思路。

Abstract

Magnetic fields are safe and used in noninvasive physical therapies. Numerous studies have confirmed that magnetic fields have good osteogenic effects and certain value for clinical application in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement, promoting bone-implant integration, promoting fracture healing and improving the effects of distraction osteogenesis. Magnetic fields are expected to become applied as effective auxiliary methods for treating oral diseases. To support the clinical application of magnetic fields, this article reviews the applications of magnetic fields in the oral cavity, the biological effects on bone cells and the molecular mechanisms through which magnetic fields regulate bone metabolism. The biological effects of magnetic fields on bone cells include promoting osteogenesis by osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts. At the molecular level, bone cells sense and respond to magnetic stimulation, and through various mechanisms, such as displacement currents, Lorentz forces, and free radical pair effects, stimuli are transformed into biologically recognizable electrical signals that activate complex downstream signaling pathways, such as the P2 purinergic receptor signaling pathway, adenosine receptor signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β receptor signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and Notch pathway. In addition, magnetic parameters, which are the factors affecting the osteogenic effects of magnetic fields, are discussed. However, the mechanisms of the osteogenic effects of magnetic fields are unclear, and further studies of these mechanisms could provide effective strategies for bone regeneration and periodontal tissue regeneration. In addition, considering the target of magnetic field therapies, combination with other drugs could lead to new strategies for the treatment of oral diseases.