修复材料与牙体组织力学适配性的研究进展

殷皓宇; 刘晓秋; 孙宏晨

doi:10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.04.011

口腔疾病防治 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4) : 315 -320. DOI: 10.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.2024.04.011

综述

修复材料与牙体组织力学适配性的研究进展

殷皓宇, 刘晓秋, 孙宏晨

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Research progress on the mechanical compatibility of restorative materials with dental tissue

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摘要

牙齿作为发挥咀嚼功能的主要器官，可承受无数次功能性接触，这与它的力学性能和组织结构密切相关。牙釉质和牙本质的硬度较高，并且它们具有梯度化的结构，这使得牙齿既能承受咬合力，又不致轻易折裂。当牙体组织缺损时，往往需要全冠修复体来恢复牙齿正常的形态与功能。常用的全冠修复材料有金属材料、陶瓷材料以及最近兴起的聚醚醚酮材料。金属材料在美学方面存在一定劣势，目前在临床上应用相对较少。不同组成成分的陶瓷材料在性能及美学上的表现有所差异，但弹性模量与硬度过高，在力学性能方面都超过了牙体组织，与牙体组织学力学性能不匹配。与此不同，聚醚醚酮材料的弹性模量低于牙体组织，与骨组织相似，但通过纤维增强等方式能够提高它的性能。当修复材料与牙体组织的力学性能并不完全适配时，两者之间的界面往往形成潜在的薄弱环节，最终影响修复的稳定性和长期效果。本文介绍了牙釉质和牙本质的力学性能以及相对应的结构特点，并在此基础上，分析现有修复材料的优势与局限性，进一步探究口腔全冠仿生设计的可能性。

Abstract

As the main means of mastication, teeth can withstand countless functional contacts. The mechanical properties of teeth are closely related to their tissue structure. Enamel and dentin have a high hardness and modulus of elasticity, and their graded structure allows them to withstand bite forces without being susceptible to fracture. When tooth tissue is defective, full crown restoration is often needed to restore the normal shape and function of the tooth. Metal materials, ceramic materials, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials are commonly used for crown restoration. Metal materials have certain disadvantages in terms of aesthetics and are relatively rarely used in clinical practice. Ceramic materials with different compositions exhibit differences in performance and aesthetics, but their elastic modulus and hardness are much higher than those of dental tissue, resulting in mismatching mechanical properties. In contrast, the elastic modulus of PEEK is lower than that of tooth tissue and similar to that of bone tissue, but its properties can be improved by fiber reinforcement. Notably, when the mechanical properties of a restoration material and tooth tissue are not fully matched, the interface between them often forms a potential weak link, which ultimately affects the stability and long-term effect of the restoration. This article introduces the mechanical properties and corresponding structural characteristics of enamel and dentin. On this basis, the advantages and limitations of existing restoration materials are analyzed, and the possibility of biomimetic design of full crowns is further explored.